Cat-eye syndrome (CES) or Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome is a rare condition caused by an abnormal extra chromosome, i.e. a small supernumerary marker chromosome.[2] This chromosome consists of the entire short arm and a small section of the long arm of chromosome 22. In consequence, individuals with the cat-eye syndrome have three (trisomic) or four (tetrasomic) copies of the genetic material contained in the abnormal chromosome instead of the normal two copies.[3] The prognosis for patients with CES varies depending on the severity of the condition and their associated signs and symptoms, especially when heart or kidney abnormalities are seen.[4]
| Cat-eye syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | CES[1] |
 | |
| An example of the defect after which CES is named | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics  |
| Frequency | 1 in 74,000 |
Signs and symptoms
edit- Unilateral or bilateral iris coloboma (absence of tissue from the colored part of the eyes)
- Preauricular pits/tags (small depressions/growths of skin on the outer ears)
- Anal atresia (abnormal obstruction of the anus)
- Downward-slanting palpebral fissures (openings between the upper and lower eyelids)
- Cleft palate
- Kidney problems (missing, extra, or underdeveloped kidneys)
- Short stature
- Scoliosis/skeletal problems
- Cardiac defects (such as TAPVR)
- Micrognathia (smaller jaw)
- Hernias
- Biliary atresia[5]
- Rarer malformations can affect almost any organ
- Intellectual disability – many are intellectually normal; about 30% of CES patients have moderately impaired mental development, although severe intellectual disability is rare.[6]
The term "cat eye" syndrome was coined because of the particular appearance of the vertical colobomas in the eyes of some patients, but over half of the CES patients in the literature do not present with this trait.[6]
Genetics
editThe small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) in CES usually arises spontaneously. It may be hereditary and parents may be mosaic for the marker chromosome, but show no phenotypic symptoms of the syndrome.[7] This sSMC may be small, large, or ring-shaped, and typically includes 2 Mb, i.e. 2 million DNA base pairs, termed the CES critical region, located on its q arm(s) between its band 11 and terminus (area notated as 22pter→q11)(also see small supernumerary marker chromosomes in cat eye syndrome).[2][8] This area contains the CECR1, SLC25A18, and ATP6V1E1 genes which are strong candidate genes for causing or promoting at least some of the birth defects in CES.[9]
Diagnosis
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An ultrasound exam may be used by a doctor to detect a birth defect that might be CES before a baby is born. An ultrasound creates an image of the fetus using sound waves. It might uncover specific CES-specific flaws. A follow-up test, like an amniocentesis, may be ordered by the doctor if they see these characteristics on an ultrasound. The doctor collects an amniotic fluid sample for analysis during amniocentesis. Extra chromosomal material from chromosome 22q11 helps doctors identify CES. The diagnosis can be verified through genetic testing. These tests could consist of:
- Karyotyping. A picture of a person's chromosomes is generated by this test.
- FISH, or fluorescence in situ hybridization. It is able to identify and pinpoint a particular DNA sequence on a chromosome.
The healthcare provider will likely order more testing when CES is identified to look for any potential extra problems, like heart or kidney disorders. These tests may include:[medical citation needed]
- X-rays and other imaging tests
- electrocardiography (EKG)
- echocardiography
- eye examination
- hearing tests
- cognitive function tests
History
editThe abnormalities common to CES were first cataloged in 1899,[10] and described in association with a small marker chromosome in 1965.[11] Early reports of CES discuss the possibility of chromosome 13 involvement. Now, CES is considered to be present with the chromosome 22 trisomy findings.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Cat eye syndrome". Orphanet. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
- ^ a b Jafari-Ghahfarokhi H, Moradi-Chaleshtori M, Liehr T, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Teimori H, Ghasemi-Dehkordi P (2015). "Small supernumerary marker chromosomes and their correlation with specific syndromes". Advanced Biomedical Research. 4 (1): 140. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.161542. PMC 4544121. PMID 26322288.
- ^ Rosias PR, Sijstermans JM, Theunissen PM, et al. (2001). "Phenotypic variability of the cat eye syndrome. Case report and review of the literature". Genet. Couns. 12 (3): 273–82. PMID 11693792.
- ^ "Cat eye syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program".
- ^ Congenital bile duct anomalies (biliary atresia) and chromosome 22 aneuploidy. Allotey J, Lacaille F, Lees MM, Strautnieks S, Thompson RJ, Davenport M. J Pediatr Surg. 2008 Sep;43(9):1736-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.05.012.
- ^ a b "Disorders of chromosome 22: Cat Eye Syndrome/Schmid Fraccaro Syndrome". www.c22c.org. Chromosome 22 Central. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
- ^ "Cat eye syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ Xue H, Chen X, Lin M, Lin N, Huang H, Yu A, Xu L (December 2020). "Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic identification of small supernumerary marker chromosomes: analysis of three prenatal cases using chromosome microarray analysis". Aging. 13 (2): 2135–2148. doi:10.18632/aging.202220. PMC 7880375. PMID 33318309.
- ^ Knijnenburg J, van Bever Y, Hulsman LO, van Kempen CA, Bolman GM, van Loon RL, Beverloo HB, van Zutven LJ (September 2012). "A 600 kb triplication in the cat eye syndrome critical region causes anorectal, renal and preauricular anomalies in a three-generation family". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (9): 986–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.43. PMC 3421127. PMID 22395867.
- ^ Haab, O. Albrecht v Graefes. Archives of Ophthalmology, 24: 257 only, 1879
- ^ Schachenmann G.; Schmid W.; Fraccaro M.; et al. (1965). "Chromosomes in Coloboma and Anal Atresia". Lancet. 2 (7406): 290. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(65)92415-3. PMID 14330081.
- ^ Bühler EM, Méhes K, Müller H, Stalder GR (1972). "Cat-eye syndrome, a partial trisomy 22". Humangenetik. 15 (2): 150–62. doi:10.1007/BF00295742. PMID 5049068. S2CID 35284790.