Wikipedia

1980 Catalan regional election

(Redirected from Catalan parliamentary election, 1980)

The 1980 Catalan regional election was held on Thursday, 20 March 1980, to elect the 1st Parliament of the autonomous community of Catalonia. All 135 seats in the Parliament were up for election. This was the first regional election to be held in Catalonia since the Spanish transition to democracy and the second democratic regional election in Catalan history after that of 1932.[1]

1980 Catalan regional election
← 1932 20 March 1980 1984 →
All 135 seats in the Parliament of Catalonia
68 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered4,432,776
Turnout2,718,888 (61.3%)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Jordi Pujol Joan Reventós Josep Benet
Party CiU PSC–PSOE PSUC
Leader since 19 September 1978 16 July 1978 23 June 1978
Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona
Seats won 43 33 25
Popular vote 752,943 606,717 507,753
Percentage 27.8% 22.4% 18.8%
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Antón Cañellas Heribert Barrera Francisco Hidalgo
Party UCD ERC PSA–PA
Leader since 23 December 1979 1976 1980
Leader's seat Barcelona Barcelona Barcelona
Seats won 18 14 2
Popular vote 286,922 240,871 71,841
Percentage 10.6% 8.9% 2.7%
Election result by constituency
President before election

Josep Tarradellas
ERC

Elected President

Jordi Pujol
CDC (CiU)

The election results granted a victory with nearly 28% of the vote and 43 seats for the Catalan nationalist Convergence and Union (CiU), the alliance of Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) and Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) led by Jordi Pujol, despite earlier predictions that the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) would emerge as the largest party in parliament and maintain the first place it had achieved in the 1977 and 1979 general elections.[2] Compared to the general elections, the PSC ambiguous positions throughout the campaign were said to have cost them votes both to the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) and to the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)—both of which saw improvements to their general election results—as well as to abstention and, to a lesser extent, to the Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA), which was only narrowly able to enter the Parliament.[3][4] Results for the Centrists of Catalonia (CC–UCD) alliance were seen as disappointing, having lost many votes to Pujol's coalition and being shut from any chance to lead the regional government.[5][6]

The complicated parliamentary arithmetic resulting from the election—with the only alliances able to command an absolute majority being CiU–PSC (76 seats), CiU–UCD–ERC (75) and PSC–PSUC–ERC (72)—raised concerns on Pujol's prospects for a successful investiture.[7] In the end, Pujol would be able to get elected as Catalan president through the support from both UCD and ERC in a second ballot held on 24 April 1980.[8][9] The election would mark the beginning of 23 years of uninterrupted Pujol's rule and the start of CiU's hegemony in regional politics for decades to come.[10]

Overview

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Electoral system

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The Parliament of Catalonia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Catalan Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.[11] Transitory Provision Fourth of the Statute established a specific electoral procedure for elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, of application for as long as a regional electoral law was not approved, to be supplemented by the provisions within the national electoral law. Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Catalonia and in full enjoyment of their civil and political rights.

The 135 members of the Parliament of Catalonia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Barcelona, Gerona, Lérida and Tarragona, with each being allocated a fixed number of seats:[11][12][13]

Seats Constituencies
85 Barcelona
18 Tarragona
17 Gerona
15 Lérida

In smaller constituencies, the use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[14]

Election date

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The Executive Council of the Provisional Generalitat of Catalonia, in agreement with the Government of Spain, was required to call an election to the Parliament of Catalonia within fifteen days after the date of enactment of the Statute, with election day taking place within sixty days after the call. As a result, an election could not be held later than the seventy-fifth day from the date of enactment of the Statute of Autonomy. Additionally, the Parliament was to be dissolved and a snap election called if an investiture process failed to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot.[11]

Initially scheduled for either 13 or 16 March 1980, lack of agreement on the date of the election between the various Catalan political parties resulted in several weeks of speculation that President Josep Tarradellas would choose to trigger a government crisis that could further delay the election in an attempt to ensure his continuity in office.[15][16] However on 17 January, after deliberations by the Executive Council and in agreement with the State Government, President Tarradellas called an election for Thursday, 20 March 1980.[13][17]

Background

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Further information: 1979 Catalan Statute of Autonomy referendum

Historical precedents for Catalan autonomy after the Nueva Planta decrees of 1714 dated back to the Spanish Draft Constitution of 1873, with Catalonia as one out of the seventeen projected states within the Spanish federal state; the Commonwealth of Catalonia established in 1914 as the only such provincial association that came to exist; and finally as an autonomous region during the Second Spanish Republic.[18] In 1931, the Government of Catalonia (Catalan: Generalitat de Catalunya) was restored, followed by the approval of a Statute of Autonomy in 1932 which was of application until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and the disestablishment of the Second Republic, when Catalan autonomy was suppressed by the Francoist regime.[19]

The death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975 and the start of the Spanish transition to democracy led to negotiations between the Spanish government under then Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez and Catalan president-in-exile Josep Tarradellas over the issue of Catalan autonomy,[20][21] leading to the re-establishment of the regional Catalan government on 5 October 1977 and in Tarradella's return to Catalonia on 23 October.[22][23] Further negotiations between Catalan political parties ensued for the drafting of a new statute of autonomy, to be known as the "Statute of Sau" (Catalan: Estatut de Sau), which would be submitted for review on 29 December 1978 and would secure the favourable ruling of the Cortes Generales on 13 August 1979.[24][25] After being ratified in referendum it would obtain the final approval of the Cortes and published in the Official State Gazette on 22 December, paving the way for the first Catalan regional election since the Second Spanish Republic to be held.[26][27]

Parties and candidates

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The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one-thousandth of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election—with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[12]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Gov. Ref.
PSC–PSOE
List
   Joan Reventós Social democracy  Y [28]
[29]
CC–UCD
List
   Antón Cañellas Christian democracy
Social democracy
Liberalism 		 Y [30]
PSUC
List
   Josep Benet Communism
Catalanism 		 Y [31]
[32]
CiU
List
   Jordi Pujol Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		 Y [33]
[34]
ERC
List
   Heribert Barrera Catalan nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		 Y
PSA–PA
List
   Francisco Hidalgo Andalusian nationalism
Socialism
Marxism 		 N [35]

The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) had been formed in July 1978 out of the merger between the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress (PSC–C), the Socialist Party of Catalonia–Regrouping (PSC–R) and the Catalan Socialist Federation (FSC–PSOE),[36][37] as a result of lengthy negotiations throughout 1977 after the success of the Socialists of Catalonia alliance in the 1977 general election.[38][39][40] Tensions resulting from the merger would be common during the ensuing years, and in late 1979 political and organizational discrepancies between the various factions within the unified PSC–PSOE led to an internal crisis,[41][42][43] which had led party leader and prospective leading candidate Joan Reventós to threaten with his resignation should the crisis not be resolved ahead of the incoming Catalan regional election.[44][45]

Throughout 1978, an operation was launched for the establishment of two centrist electoral blocs, aimed at supporting Tarradellas's re-election and dispute the electoral hegemony in Catalonia from the PSC–PSOE and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) ahead of the incoming 1979 general, local and, ultimately, 1980 regional elections:[46][47] a Catalan nationalist pole formed by Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Jordi Pujol's Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), and another one formed around the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)—and joined by christian democratic parties breaking away from the Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)-led Union of the Centre and Christian Democracy of Catalonia (UCiDCC) coalition, such as the Union of the Centre of Catalonia (UCC) or the Democratic Union Broad Centre (UDCA).[48][49][50] This attempt would not succeed,[51] with Tarradellas ending up forfeiting his re-election bid after a final, last-ditch attempt to form a candidacy made of independents in February 1980,[52][53][54] but it would provide the basis for the long-term Convergence and Union (CiU) alliance formed between CDC and UDC,[55][56] as well as for the constitution of Centrists of Catalonia (CC–UCD), a merger of UCD and UDCA which had also included UCC in its first years.[57][58][59]

Negotiations for the formation of CiU had been underway between CDC and UDC throughout August 1978 and were formalized on September that year, aiming at establishing a big tent alliance of Catalan nationalist parties that could appeal both to centre-left and centre-right voters.[55][60] CDC had contested the 1977 general election within the Democratic Pact for Catalonia, together with Democratic Left of Catalonia (EDC)—which merged into CDC in June 1978[61]—and National Front of Catalonia (FNC) for the Congress, whereas UDC had formed the UCiDCC coalition together with the Catalan Centre party; the parties from both alliances had also formed the Democracy and Catalonia coalition for the 1977 Senate election.[62][63] In the case of CC–UCD, it had been formed as an electoral alliance in 1978 by UCD, UCC and UDCA ahead of the 1979 general and local elections.[64][65][66] UCC itself had been the result of the merging between the Catalan Centre, the League of Catalonia–Catalan Liberal Party and defectors from UDC, and it had been intended that the regional UCD branch would also eventually merge with the party.[67][68] In a joint congress on 22 December 1979, UCD and UDCA agreed to transform the alliance into a permanent political party,[30][69][70] but UCC did not join the operation and chose not to contest the regional election,[71] with the party eventually merging into CDC in late 1980.[72]

The Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) chose to contest the Catalan election out of "defending the interests of Andalusian people wherever they are", in reference to the large Andalusian community in Catalonia (840,000 at the beginning of the 1970s).[35][73][74] The People's Alliance (AP) did not directly contest the election, instead giving its support to the Catalan Solidarity candidacy.[75][76]

About 2,100 candidates from 16 political parties stood for election, with eleven candidacies running in all four provinces: the main parties PSC, UCD, PSUC, CiU, ERC and PSA, as well as the Left Nationalists (NE), the Unity for Socialism (CUPS) alliance, New Force (FN), the Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN) and the Communist Unity (UC).[77]

Opinion polls

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The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

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The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 68 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Catalonia.

Voting preferences

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The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Victory likelihood

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The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

Preferred President

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The table below lists opinion polling on leader preferences to become president of the Government of Catalonia.

Predicted President

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The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood for each leader to become president.

Results

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Overall

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Summary of the 20 March 1980 Parliament of Catalonia election results →
 
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Convergence and Union (CiU) 752,943 27.83 n/a 43 n/a
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) 606,717 22.43 n/a 33 n/a
Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) 507,753 18.77 n/a 25 n/a
Centrists of Catalonia (CC–UCD) 286,922 10.61 n/a 18 n/a
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 240,871 8.90 n/a 14 n/a
Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) 71,841 2.66 n/a 2 n/a
Catalan Solidarity (SC) 64,004 2.37 n/a 0 n/a
Left Nationalists (NE) 44,798 1.66 n/a 0 n/a
Unity for Socialism (CUPS) 33,086 1.22 n/a 0 n/a
New Force (FN) 27,807 1.03 n/a 0 n/a
Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN) 14,077 0.52 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Workers' Party of Catalonia (PCOC) 12,963 0.48 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Unity (UC) 8,198 0.30 n/a 0 n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 6,637 0.25 n/a 0 n/a
Independent National Party (PNI) 4,741 0.18 n/a 0 n/a
Conservatives of Catalonia (CiC) 4,095 0.15 n/a 0 n/a
Blank ballots 17,960 0.66 n/a
Total 2,705,413 135 n/a
Valid votes 2,705,413 99.50 n/a
Invalid votes 13,475 0.50 n/a
Votes cast / turnout 2,718,888 61.34 n/a
Abstentions 1,713,888 38.66 n/a
Registered voters 4,432,776
Sources[78][79]
Popular vote
CiU
 
 27.83%
PSC–PSOE
 
 22.43%
PSUC
 
 18.77%
CC–UCD
 
 10.61%
ERC
 
 8.90%
PSA–PA
 
 2.66%
SC
 
 2.37%
NE
 
 1.66%
CUPS
 
 1.22%
FN
 
 1.03%
Others
 
 1.87%
Blank ballots
 
 0.66%
Seats
CiU
 
 31.85%
PSC–PSOE
 
 24.44%
PSUC
 
 18.52%
CC–UCD
 
 13.33%
ERC
 
 10.37%
PSA–PA
 
 1.48%

Distribution by constituency

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Constituency CiU PSC PSUC CC–UCD ERC PSA–PA
% S % S % S % S % S % S
Barcelona 27.2 26 23.2 22 20.8 20 8.2 7 8.3 8 3.0 2
Girona 37.1 7 19.6 4 9.3 1 15.2 3 10.6 2 1.3 −
Lleida 28.2 5 19.3 3 10.6 1 23.4 4 12.2 2 0.7 −
Tarragona 23.6 5 20.6 4 15.1 3 19.7 4 10.4 2 1.9 −
Total 27.8 43 22.4 33 18.8 25 10.6 18 8.9 14 2.7 2
Sources[79][80][81][82][83]

Aftermath

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Analysis

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On a turnout of 61.3%, which was seen as high by political leaders at the time,[84] Convergence and Union (CiU) emerged as the largest political force with 27.8% of the share and 43 seats,[2] which came as a surprising victory over the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) which had been widely expected to form the next regional government of Catalonia.[85][86] Instead, the PSC–PSOE secured 22.4% of the vote and 33 seats, losing many votes compared to the previous 1979 general election in what was seen as an electoral punishment to the PSC's ambiguous position on the issue of Catalan nationalism—said to have cost it the support from Catalan centre-left bourgeoisie voters, losing them both to the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC) (which obtained 18.8% of the vote and 25 seats) and to the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) (8.9% of the share and 14 seats)—but also to the ongoing internal tensions between the more pro-Catalan faction made of former Socialist Party of Catalonia–Congress members and the more pro-Spanish faction from the former Catalan Socialist Federation, as well as Joan Reventós's little appeal among working class voters.[3][5]

Results for the Centrists of Catalonia (CC–UCD) alliance were seen as negative, after securing only 10.6% of the vote and 18 seats when compared to the 19.3% it had obtained in the 1979 general election, in what was perceived as a tactical voting from centrist voters in favour of Jordi Pujol's CiU to prevent any chances of a Socialist—Communist government from being formed.[6] The Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) was able to get elected to parliament with 2.7% and 2 seats, after narrowly surpassing the 3% threshold in the province of Barcelona.[4][5] Incumbent President Josep Tarradellas was said to have cast a blank ballot, after his attempts to run for re-election proved unsuccessful amid his growing mistrust of Catalan political parties.[84]

At the national level, results were seen as a failure in the consolidation of the UCD–PSOE bipartisanship, but also as another in a row of electoral defeats for the UCD: only one year into the legislature resulting from the 1979 election, the governing party in Spain had been trounced in the Andalusian autonomy initiative referendum, had scored a humiliating result in the Basque regional election—where it lost 53.5% of its 1979 voters—and had sizeable losses in Catalonia amounting to about 226,000 out of its 513,000 votes in 1979.[6][87] Eventually, these would be joined by disappointment over the dismal turnout at the 1980 Galician Statute of Autonomy referendum and further electoral setbacks in the November 1980 Senate by-elections in Almería and Seville, with the deterioration of Adolfo Suárez's public figure leading to increasing internal struggling within the party and to his resignation as Prime Minister in January 1981. The enormous losses sustained by the UCD in the 1981 Galician regional election would see the party entering into a state of crisis and decay,[88] culminating in crushing defeats in the Andalusian regional and Spanish general elections held throughout 1982, ultimately leading to the UCD's dissolution in February 1983.[89]

Government formation

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Under Transitory Provision Fifth of the Statute, the first investiture process to elect the president of the Government of Catalonia required of an absolute majority—more than half the votes cast—to be obtained in the first ballot. If unsuccessful, a new ballot would be held 48 hours later requiring also of an absolute majority; and, if not successful, a third and final ballot could be held 48 hours later requiring only of a simple majority—more affirmative than negative votes—to succeed. If the proposed candidate was not elected, successive proposals were to be transacted under the same procedure with a different candidate. In the event of the investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot, the Parliament was to be automatically dissolved and a fresh election called within a fifteen-day timespan.[11]

The election results placed Jordi Pujol as the most likely candidate for the regional premiership, but the parliamentary arithmetic was complex: only a pact between CiU–PSC (76 seats), CiU–UCD–ERC (75), PSC–PSUC–ERC (72) or an unlikely CiU–PSUC (68) would guarantee a successful investiture in either of the first two ballots, with any prospective third ballot still requiring more affirmative than negative votes.[7][90] The first choice—which was also Pujol's preferred one in order for a stable government to be formed—was rejected as the PSC advocated for remaining in opposition, ruling out any agreement with CiU; concurrently, both CiU and PSUC discarded any joint agreement involving each other, as CiU did not wish to pact with the Communists and the PSUC remained unwilling to grant its support to any government where it was not present.[91][92] As a result, two-way negotiations with UCD and ERC ensued: while both parties were favourable to Pujol's investiture, the scope of the parliamentary support to be granted would remain a key issue; whether it would be limited to the investiture, involve a confidence and supply arrangement or a full-fledged coalition government.

UCD was willing to offer support to Pujol in exchange for CiU supporting Suárez's government in the Congress of Deputies,[93][94] amid fears within CC–UCD that this could give the impression of it being a "branch office" of their party in Madrid.[95] Concurrently, CiU was willing to let ERC into the government and parliamentary institutions,[96] but the latter party conditioned such an entry to a CiU–PSC coalition being formed, announcing that it would only provide a "very critical" support to Pujol—limited to his investiture only—should a CiU–UCD government be formed instead.[97][98][99] The Parliament's constitution on 10 April led to the election of Heribert Barrera from ERC as Parliament's speaker with CiU's support,[100][101][102] and eventually to Pujol's success in the second ballot of investiture on 24 April with the support of both UCD and ERC,[9] which had chosen to abstain in the first ballot.[8][103]

Investiture
Jordi Pujol (CDC)
Ballot → 22 April 1980 24 April 1980
Required majority → 68 out of 135  N 68 out of 135  Y
Yes
43 / 135
75 / 135
No
59 / 135
59 / 135
Abstentions
  • • CC–UCD (18) (on 22 Apr)
  • • ERC (13) (on 22 Apr)
31 / 135
0 / 135
Absentees
  • • PSUC (1)
  • • ERC (1) (on 22 Apr)
2 / 135
1 / 135
Sources[8][9][79]

Despite attempts from outgoing President Tarradellas to delay Pujol's inauguration and hinder his government's powers,[104][105] Pujol would be formally sworn into the office of regional premier on 8 May 1980,[106][107][108] a post he would end up holding for the next 23 years. Pujol would form a minority government, with its members being appointed the next day.[109] Then PSC leader Joan Reventós would later express regret at having rejected the formation of a CiU–PSC coalition because, "had Pujol's proposal been accepted, the political history of Catalonia during this period may have been another"; despite the initial expectations that Pujol's minority government would be short-lived, it would instead provide Pujol of a platform with which to boost his political stand, resulting in the establishment of an electoral hegemony that would last until 2003.[10]

1982 motion of no confidence

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Motion of no confidence
Josep Benet (Independent)
Ballot → 1 October 1982
Required majority → 68 out of 135  N
Yes
21 / 135
No
56 / 135
Abstentions
53 / 135
Absentees
5 / 135
Sources[79]

References

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Opinion poll sources
  1. ^ a b Quinta, Alfons (19 March 1980). "Participación del 60% en Barcelona, según una úItima encuesta". El País (in Spanish).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lo que decían los sondeos" (PDF). El Correo Catalán (in Spanish). 21 March 1980.
  3. ^ a b Quinta, Alfons (16 March 1980). "Las encuestas electorales mantienen la primacía socialista en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish).
  4. ^ Director, Cartas al (19 March 1980). "El sondeo de ICSA Gallup". El País (in Spanish).
  5. ^ "Los centristas se consideran el segundo partido de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 22 January 1980.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Primeros sondeos electorales en Cataluña". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 6 February 1980.
  7. ^ Quinta, Alfons (19 January 1980). "Los socialistas ganarán las elecciones al Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish).
  8. ^ a b "Elecciones al Parlamento de Cataluña (II) (Estudio nº 1.220. Marzo 1980)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 12 March 1980.
  9. ^ "Pujol, el más preferido, aunque votarán al PSC" (PDF). Mundo Diario (in Spanish). 16 March 1980.
  10. ^ "El PSC será el partido más votado". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 18 March 1980.
  11. ^ a b c "Encuesta: El PSC ganará las elecciones catalanas". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 6 March 1980.
  12. ^ a b "Elecciones al Parlamento de Cataluña (I) (Estudio 1.217. Febrero 1980)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 12 February 1980.
  13. ^ "Pujol, el más popular". ABC Sevilla (in Spanish). 12 March 1980.
Other
  1. ^ "Hoy se elige el segundo Parlamento democrático de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 20 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Los nacionalistas de Jordi Pujol vencen en las elecciones al Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b "El fracaso electoral puede disparar las tensiones internas en el PSC-PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  4. ^ a b "El escrutinio final de Barcelona confirma los escaños del PSA". El País (in Spanish). 29 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  5. ^ a b c "Euforia nacionalista y preocupación de los socialistas en la noche electoral catalana". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  6. ^ a b c "Graves pérdidas de UCD y el Partido Socialista en Cataluña, en favor del nacionalismo moderado". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  7. ^ a b "La elección de Pujol como presidente de la Generalidad, sujeta a un difícil proceso de alianzas". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b c "Jordi Pujol intentará conseguir mañana los votos precisos para acceder a la presidencia de la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 23 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  9. ^ a b c "Jordi Pujol, elegido presidente de la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 25 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  10. ^ a b "El pujolismo en once flashes". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 July 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d Ley Orgánica 4/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña (Organic Law 4) (in Spanish). 18 December 1979. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  12. ^ a b Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Decreto de la Presidencia de la Generalitat, de 17 de enero de 1980, por el cual se convocan elecciones al Parlament de Catalunya" (PDF). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (in Spanish) (39): 604. 21 January 1980. ISSN 1988-298X. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  14. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  15. ^ "El 13 de marzo, elecciones al Parlamento". El País (in Spanish). 28 December 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Sin acuerdo sobre la fecha de las elecciones al Parlamento". El País (in Spanish). 30 December 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Elecciones al Parlamento catalán el 20 de marzo". El País (in Spanish). 18 January 1980. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  18. ^ "Sinopsis del Estatuto de Cataluña". congreso.es (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  19. ^ "La España de las Autonomías. Cataluña. Breve historia". El Mundo (in Spanish). June 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  20. ^ "Se elaborará un estatuto para Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 21 December 1976. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  21. ^ "Tarradellas propone pactar con Madrid el Gobierno autónomo de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 7 January 1977. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  22. ^ "Inmediato restablecimiento de la Generalitat de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 29 September 1977. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  23. ^ "Tarradellas llega esta tarde a Barcelona". El País (in Spanish). 23 October 1977. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  24. ^ "Tarradellas cedió ante la unidad de los parlamentarios catalanes". El País (in Spanish). 30 December 1978. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  25. ^ "La Comisión Constitucional aprueba el proyecto de Estatuto de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 14 August 1979. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  26. ^ "El Rey sancionó los estatutos de Cataluña y el País Vasco". El País (in Spanish). 21 December 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Publicados los estatutos de autonomía de Cataluña y Euskadi". El País (in Spanish). 13 December 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  28. ^ "Elaboradas las listas socialistas a la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 22 January 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  29. ^ "Presentado el programa de gobierno del PSC-PSOE para la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 4 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  30. ^ a b "Antón Cañellas, elegido presidente de los centristas catalanes en el congreso de Gerona". El País (in Spanish). 23 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Benet, candidato del PSUC a la presidencia de la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 24 June 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  32. ^ "Presentadas las listas comunistas al Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish). 15 January 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Pujol y Reventós, los candidatos con más posibilidades para presidir la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 27 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  34. ^ "Jordi Pujol". El País (in Spanish). 30 January 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  35. ^ a b "El PSA se presentará a las elecciones parlamentarias de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 26 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  36. ^ "Hoy comienza el congreso de unificación de los socialistas catalanes". El País (in Spanish). 15 July 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  37. ^ "Constituido el Partido de los Socialistas Catalanes". El País (in Spanish). 18 July 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  38. ^ "Los socialistas de Cataluña, preparan el congreso de la fusión". El País (in Spanish). 24 July 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  39. ^ "Serias diferencias PSC-PSOE sobre la unidad de los socialistas catalanes". El País (in Spanish). 5 November 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  40. ^ "Derrotados los "españolistas" en el congreso del PSOE catalán". El País (in Spanish). 15 November 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  41. ^ "Duros juicios del "sector crítico" sobre el Partido de los Socialistas de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 30 October 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  42. ^ "Los antiguos colectivos del PSOE y PSC, enfrentados de nuevo". El País (in Spanish). 18 November 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  43. ^ "Los socialistas catalanes pretenden superar las tensiones internas". El País (in Spanish). 12 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  44. ^ "Reventós, pospone su dimisión a la solución de la crisis del PSOE catalán". El País (in Spanish). 5 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  45. ^ "Reventos no encabezará la candidatura al Parlamento catalán si no se resuelve la crisis del PSC". El País (in Spanish). 6 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  46. ^ "Campaña de la derecha en favor de la continuidad de Tarradellas". El País (in Spanish). 28 August 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  47. ^ "La presentación de Tarradellas a la reelección está pendiente de la actitud de los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 4 September 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  48. ^ "Ortínez, con dificultades para articular el centrismo en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 6 December 1978. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  49. ^ "Tarradellas podría estar preparando una operación electoralista". El País (in Spanish). 19 December 1978. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  50. ^ "Nuevo intento de Tarradellas de relanzar la derecha catalana". El País (in Spanish). 18 April 1979. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  51. ^ "Fracasa el intento de articular el centrismo catalán entorno a Tarradellas". El País (in Spanish). 17 December 1978. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  52. ^ "Definitivamente, Tarradellas no se presenta a las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 30 January 1980. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  53. ^ "Tarradellas intenta formar candidatura para presentarse por Gerona". El País (in Spanish). 5 February 1980. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  54. ^ "2.400 candidatos a las elecciones al Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish). 12 February 1980. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  55. ^ a b "Convergència y Unió quieren vertebrar el centroizquierda catalán". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 September 1978. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  56. ^ "Pacto entre Convergencia Democrática y UDC". El País (in Spanish). 20 September 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  57. ^ "Carlos Sentís y Antón Canyellas, en los primeros puestos de UCD por Barcelona". El País (in Spanish). 9 January 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  58. ^ "UCD valora positivamente los referendos". El País (in Spanish). 28 October 1979. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  59. ^ "La coalición electoral concluyó en un partido". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 16 March 1980. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  60. ^ "Convergència y Unió Democràtica, a punto de federarse". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 September 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  61. ^ "Consumada la fusión de CDC y Esquerra Democrática de Catalunya". El País (in Spanish). 28 June 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  62. ^ "Con la formación de siete coaliciones se clarifica el panorama catalán". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 4 May 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  63. ^ "Coaliciones de ámbito regional". ABC (in Spanish). 5 May 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  64. ^ "Unión de Centro de Cataluña y UCD acudirán juntas a las municipales". El País (in Spanish). 24 March 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  65. ^ "Coalición de la UCD catalana con la Unión de Centro de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 18 June 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  66. ^ "Cañellas insiste en vertebrar a todos los partidos del centro catalán". El País (in Spanish). 19 September 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  67. ^ "Próxima constitución de la Unión de Centro de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 27 November 1977. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  68. ^ "Presentación de la Unión de Centro de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 1 April 1978. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  69. ^ "Dificultades para la fusión de los tres grupos centristas catalanes". El País (in Spanish). 21 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  70. ^ "Folchi no asistirá al congreso de fusión de los centristas catalanes". El País (in Spanish). 22 December 1979. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  71. ^ "UCC no irá a las elecciones al Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish). 31 January 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  72. ^ "Acuerdo para la integración de UCC en Convergencia". El País (in Spanish). 14 September 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  73. ^ "1,1 millones de catalanes descienden de andaluces". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 April 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  74. ^ "Cataluña, década de los setenta: 'Xarnegos, fora!'". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 February 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  75. ^ "Fraga prosigue el intento de aglutinar un grupo de fuerzas conservadoras". El País (in Spanish). 9 February 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  76. ^ "Un partido de muy reciente creación". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  77. ^ "Dieciséis partidos y coaliciones concurren a las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 20 March 1980. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  78. ^ "Election results. Parliament of Catalonia election 1980". resultats.dadeselectorals.gencat.cat (in Catalan). Government of Catalonia. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
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  80. ^ "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1980. Barcelona". gencat.cat (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  81. ^ "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1980. Girona". gencat.cat (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  82. ^ "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1980. Lleida". gencat.cat (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  83. ^ "Election Results. Parliament of Catalonia Election 1980. Tarragona". gencat.cat (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  84. ^ a b "Optimismo de los líderes sobre el nivel de participación". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  85. ^ "Los socialistas proyectaban gobernar en solitario, con apoyo de independientes". El País (in Spanish). 21 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  86. ^ "El triunfo nacionalista ha sorprendido a las fuerzas políticas vascas". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  87. ^ "Nos falta Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). 23 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  88. ^ "Los tropiezos electorales de Unión de Centro Democrático". El País (in Spanish). 22 October 1981. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  89. ^ "Exito y fracaso sin precedentes en la historia de las democracias". El País (in Spanish). 19 February 1983. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  90. ^ "Cataluña: el hombre es Pujol". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  91. ^ "Jordi Pujol: "Creo necesario un Gobierno que pueda gobernar"". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  92. ^ "La clave del futuro Parlamento catalán pasa por el entendimiento entre Convergencia y Esquerra". El País (in Spanish). 25 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  93. ^ ""Lo deseable para Cataluña es un Gobierno centrista, en la forma que Pujol estime conveniente"". El País (in Spanish). 22 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  94. ^ "UCD intenta un doble pacto parlamentario con Pujol". El País (in Spanish). 23 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  95. ^ "Indecisión centrista sobre el voto a la candidatura de Pujol". El País (in Spanish). 24 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  96. ^ "El Gobierno autónomo de Cataluña estará formado por Convergencia y Esquerra". El País (in Spanish). 26 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  97. ^ "Esquerra Republicana condiciona su presencia en el Gobierno catalán a la incorporación del PSC". El País (in Spanish). 27 March 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  98. ^ "Esquerra apoyará al Gobierno de Convergencia i Unió". El País (in Spanish). 2 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  99. ^ "ERC no formará Gobierno con Pujol, si no participan los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 6 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  100. ^ "El Parlamento catalán se constituirá el próximo 10 de abril". El País (in Spanish). 3 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  101. ^ "Barrera, virtual presidente del Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish). 9 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  102. ^ "Heribert Barrera, elegido presidente del Parlamento catalán". El País (in Spanish). 11 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  103. ^ "Pujol no saldrá elegido hoy presidente de la Generalidad de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 22 April 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  104. ^ "Josep Tarradellas aplazó la toma de posesión de Jordi Pujol sin conocimiento de éste". El País (in Spanish). 4 May 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  105. ^ "Los socialistas y Tarradellas intentan dificultar la gestión de Pujol". El País (in Spanish). 6 May 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  106. ^ "El Gobierno no permitirá ningún retraso en la toma de posesión de Jordi Pujol". El País (in Spanish). 7 May 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  107. ^ "Jordi Pujol tomará posesión hoy de la presidencia de la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 8 May 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  108. ^ "Jordi Pujol es ya el 115º presidente de la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 9 May 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  109. ^ "Pujol advierte a los socialistas sobre los intentos de frenar la Generalidad". El País (in Spanish). 10 May 1980. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
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