Chachi people (also Cayapas) are an ethnic group who live in the rainforest area of northwestern Esmeraldas on the northern coast of Ecuador. They live by the Cayapas River in the Centro El Encanto, a section of the Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve, as do Afro Ecuadorian people;[1] the two groups have co-existed in the forest for about 400 years.[1] There were approximately 5,000 Chachi in 2003.[2]
History
editAccording to Chachi oral tradition, they originated in Imbabura Province in the mountains near Ibarra,[3][4] fleeing after the Castilian invasion and spent time in Chimborazo. They were forced to settle in the area after the Spanish conquest of Ibarra, which led them to move to Esmeraldas. They have traditionally been known as Cayapas (Cay, meaning "son"; Apa, meaning "father"). However, after rejecting the term "Father's Son", from 1978, the people have been called Chachi ("pure"). The Chachi speak a Barbacoan language named Cayapa. Linguistically, their closest living relatives are the Tsachila people of Ecuador.[5] Today, they inhabit the river valleys of the Cayapas, Canandé, and Muisne Rivers in Esmeraldas Province.[6]
Culture
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Chachi people are characterized as being marginalized and poor.[7] Homes are built on stilts with sides and a roof of thatch.[2] Women's clothing includes a loose skirt with a sash at the waist while men wear a long shirt with pants; both men and women have bare chests.[2] Since colonization, Chachi have converted to Catholicism. The group's leader is known as "Uni" while the "Chaitalas" hold a lesser role. The canoe provides a means of transportation. Bark is used to form a kind of paper or fabric. Their economy is based on traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.[2][7] However, the Chachi are well noted for their basketwork, and they sell their craft items in stalls in Borbón, Limones, Esmeraldas and Quito. [2]
References
edit- ^ a b Wolvekamp, Paul (1999). Forests for the Future: Local Strategies for Forest Protection, Economic Welfare and Social Justice. Zed Books. pp. 91–. ISBN 978-1-85649-757-2.
- ^ a b c d e Palmerlee, Danny (2003). Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands. Lonely Planet. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-1-74059-464-6.
- ^ DeBoer, Warren (30 March 1996). Traces Behind the Esmeraldas Shore. University of Alabama Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-8173-0792-9. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ Janet, Stéphanie C. (2002). Development, Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: A Case Study and Evaluation of Good Practice. Minority Rights Group International. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-897693-94-0. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan (1973). Peoples of the earth. Danbury Press. p. 40. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ Baldauf Jr., Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007). Language Planning and Policy in Latin America. Multilingual Matters. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-84769-006-7. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ a b Ros-Tonen, Mirjam A. F.; Hombergh, Heleen Van Den; Zoomers, E. B. (2007). Partnerships in Sustainable Forest Resource Management: Learning from Latin America. BRILL. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-90-04-15339-4.
Further reading
edit- Armelle Lorcy (2003), "Les enjeux mémoriels de la figure du promoteur de santé". Un projet sanitaire entre Noirs et Indiens Chachi (Équateur), Face à Face, 5, Mémoires et santé : jeux et enjeux. (in Spanish)
- Istvan Praet (2006), Courage and Fear. An Inquiry into Chachi Shape-Shifting (University of Oxford: Doctoral Thesis).
- Istvan Praet (2007), "People into Ghosts. Chachi Death Rituals as Shape-Shifting", Tipiti. The Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America, 3, 2.