Wikipedia

China Central Television

(Redirected from Cctv.com)

China Central Television (CCTV) is the national television broadcaster of China, established in 1958. CCTV is operated by the National Radio and Television Administration which reports directly to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Central Publicity Department.[2][3][4]

中国中央电视台
China Central Television
TypeState media
Country
China
First air date
1 May 1958; 66 years ago (1 May 1958)
FoundedBeijing
HeadquartersCCTV Headquarters, Beijing, People's Republic of China
Broadcast area
Worldwide
ParentChina Media Group[1]
Former names
Beijing Television
25[citation needed]
19[citation needed]
CallsignsVoice of China (external)
Affiliation(s)China Global Television Network
Official website
english.cctv.com Edit this at Wikidata
SubsidiaryChina International Television Corporation
China Central Television
Simplified Chinese中国中央电视台
Traditional Chinese中國中央電視台
Literal meaningChina Central Television Station
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Zhōngyāng Diànshìtái
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJonggwo Jongiang Diannshyhtair
Wade–GilesChunghuo Chungyang Tienshiht'ai
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingzung1 gwok3 zung1 joeng1 din6 si6 toi4
Chinese abbreviation
Simplified Chinese中央电视台
Traditional Chinese中央電視台
Literal meaningCentral Television Station
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngyāng Diànshìtái
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJongiang Diannshyhtair
Wade–GilesChungyang Tienshiht'ai
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingzung1 joeng1 din6 si6 toi4
Second alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese央视
Traditional Chinese央視
Literal meaningCentral-Vision
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYāngshì
Gwoyeu RomatzyhIangshyh
Wade–GilesYang-shih
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingjoeng1 si6
China Media Group Headquarters

CCTV has a variety of functions, such as news communication, social education, culture, and entertainment information services. It is a key player in the Chinese government's propaganda network.[5][1] According to Freedom House and other media commentators, CCTV's reporting about topics sensitive to the Chinese government and CCP is distorted and often used as a weapon against the party's perceived enemies.[5][6]

History

edit

In 1954, CCP chairman Mao Zedong put forward that China should establish its own TV station. On 5 February 1955, the central broadcasting bureau reported to the State Council and proposed the program of establishing a medium-sized television station, later on premier Zhou Enlai included in China's first five-year plan the planned introduction of television broadcasts. In December 1957, the central broadcasting bureau sent Luo Donghe and Meng Qiyu to the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic for the inspection of their TV stations (see Television in the Soviet Union and Deutscher Fernsehfunk), then the duo returned to Beijing to prepare for the establishment of the TV station.[citation needed]

In time for its 20th jubilee, Beijing Television was formally renamed China Central Television on 1 May 1978, and a new logo was unveiled.[7]

Until the late 1970s, CCTV held only evening broadcasts, usually closing down at midnight. During the summer and winter academic vacations, it occasionally transmitted daytime programming for students, while special daytime programs were aired during national holidays.

In 1980, CCTV experimented with news relays from local and central television studios via microwave.[8] It also had its first international collaboration that year, production of the documentary series Silk Road with Japan's public broadcasting company, NHK.[9]: 234  In 1984, CCTV established the wholly-owned subsidiary China International Television Corporation [Wikidata] (CITVC).[10]

By 1985, CCTV had already become a leading television network in China. In 1987, CCTV's grew due to the adaptation and presentation of Dream of the Red Chamber, the first Chinese television drama to enter the global market.[11] In the same year, CCTV exported 10,216 shows to 77 foreign television stations.[11]

Initially, the CCP's Central Publicity Department issued directive censorship of programs. During reform in the 1990s, it adopted new standards for CCTV, "affordability" and "acceptability", loosening the previous government control.[12] Affordability refers to purchasing ability of programs, while acceptability requires that a program has acceptable content, preventing the broadcast of material that contains inappropriate content or expresses views against the CCP.[13][needs update]

In March 2018, as the nation began marking the 60th year of television, CCTV ownership changed hands to a new state holding group, the China Media Group.[3]

Overseas broadcasting

edit
Further information: China Global Television Network

In 1990, CCTV subsidiary, CITVC,[10] established China Television Corporation in California to distribute CCTV content in the U.S.[14] In 2000, CCTV's all-English channel, known as CCTV-9 or CCTV International, was launched.[15]

In 2001, the Great Foreign Propaganda Plan was launched by Xu Guangchun, the head of SARFT, also the deputy head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party after the urgency of bringing the voice of China to the world was presented by Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[citation needed] The idea of an English channel was brought out in 1996. CCTV-4 had three half-hour English news broadcasting every day, but later, on 25 September 2000, CCTV-9 a satellite channel was set up to be the first 24-hour English channel, aimed to establish the overseas market. In October 2001, CCTV partnered with AOL Time Warner and other foreign news corporations, giving them access to the Chinese media market in exchange for cable delivery in the US and Europe, mainly delivering CCTV-9 programs.[16]

The CCTV-4 channel split into three separate channels on 1 April 2007—each serving different time zones: China Standard Time (CST), Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), and Eastern Standard Time (EST)—in order to improve service for audiences around the world.[17]

On 25 July 2009, CCTV launched its Arabic-language international channel, stating that it aims to maintain stronger links with Arab nations.[18]

In 2015 and 2018, CCTV signed cooperation agreements with Russian state media outlet RT.[19][20]

In December 2016, CCTV's foreign language services were spun off into China Global Television Network (CGTN).[15]

CCTV and Uzbekistan's National Television and Radio Corporation (UzTRK) cooperate to produce joint programs and documentaries.[21]: 159 

 
Lassina Zerbo interviewed by China Central Television

China Network Television

edit
Main article: China Network Television

China Network Television (CNTV) was an internet-based broadcaster of China Central Television which launched on 28 December 2009.[22]

Organization

edit

China Central Television, as a component of the China Media Group (CMG), falls under the supervision of the National Radio and Television Administration which is in turn subordinate to the CCP's Central Publicity Department.[2][3] The organization is considered one of the "big three" state media outlets in China, along with the People's Daily and Xinhua News Agency.[23]

Management

edit

The current president of CCTV is Shen Haixiong, who was appointed in February 2018, and also appointed as a deputy head of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party.[24][25]

Programs

edit

CCTV produces its own news broadcasts three times a day and is the country's most powerful and prolific television program producer. Its thirty-minute evening news, Xinwen Lianbo ("CCTV Network News" or "CCTV Tonight", Chinese: 新闻联播), goes on air daily at 7:00 pm Beijing time. All local stations are required to carry CCTV's news broadcast. An internal CCTV survey indicates that nearly 500 million people countrywide regularly watch this program.[26][needs update]

Focus Report (jiaodian fangtan), first introduced in 1994, was a popular CCTV show which regularly exposes the wrongdoings of local officials, which attracts serious attention from higher levels of government. It also exposed the Chinese government's response to charges of corruption.[27] In 1998, Premier Zhu Rongji praised the program as an important tool of media supervision (yulun jiandu).[28]: 59 

The CCTV New Year's Gala (Chinese: 中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会)—a yearly special program for the Chinese New Year—is the most-watched CCTV show.[29]

In 2003, CCTV launched its first 24-hour news channel, initially available to cable viewers.[30]

Channels

edit
Main article: CCTV channels

Audience share

edit

As of 2007, China's television audience rose to 1.2 billion.[31] As content becomes more diversified, there have been concerns about the audience share, as CCTV is losing out to cable, satellite and regional networks.[32] In Guangzhou for example, CCTV programming only accounts for 45% of the weekly audience share,[33] while in Shanghai, local stations also have share over CCTV.[34] However, the CCTV New Year's Gala remains extremely popular; it acquires more than 90% audience share over the nation.[30]

Personalities

edit

Producing a variety of different programming, China Central Television has a number of different program hosts, news anchors, correspondents, and contributors who appear throughout daily programing on the network.[35]

Reception

edit

The network's principal directors and other officers are appointed by the State, and so are the top officials at local conventional television stations in mainland China; nearly all of them are restricted to broadcasting within their own province or municipality. Editorial independence is subject to government policy considerations, and as a result, its history and news channels have been charged with being "propaganda aimed at brainwashing the audience" in a letter written by a number of Chinese intellectuals who also called for a boycott of state media was posted on a US-based website and has circulated through Chinese websites.[36][37] The network often publishes misleading and false information, particularly as it pertains to issues considered sensitive by the Chinese government. However, only a small percentage of the Network's programming can be described as "abusive or demonizing propaganda."[38]

Journalists working for the network's English-language international channel, CGTN, as well as of the other non-Chinese language TV channels under the CGTN banner, are under constant pressure to present a positive account of China, according to Anne-Marie Brady's study published in 2008. "In August 2005, a series of items reported factually on the coal mining disaster in China; soon after the channel's leaders received a warning from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that its reports were harming China's international image. Following this incident, senior editorial staff and journalists were all forced to write self-criticisms."[4]

Brady says that while the channel's equipment is state-of-the-art, the employees are not well trained in how to use it, so there are frequent errors during a broadcast. "The political controls on the station contribute to a generally low level of morale and initiative among station staff," she writes.[4]

A study done by the observer of Chinese film and television, Ying Zhu, suggests that "CCTV is full of serious-minded creators who regularly experience bouts of self-doubt, philosophical ambivalence, and in some cases, clinical depression." During her extensive interviews with key CCTV players, Zhu notes that "Certain common themes, about ideals, distorted or altogether thwarted by commercial and political pressure, emerged."[39][16]

According to Freedom House, CCTV "has a consistent record of blatantly and egregiously violating journalistic standards and encouraging or justifying hatred and violence against innocent people. CCTV is an essential component of the CCP's brutal authoritarian regime and should be treated as such."[5]

In 2020, the United States Department of State designated CCTV as a foreign mission, which requires it to disclose more about its operations in the U.S.[40][41]

Incidents

edit

Since its inception CCTV has served as a tool of state power and as such has been complicit in human rights abuses. They have a history of demonizing and inciting hatred against those perceived as foes by the CCP, in this way they can be used to mobilize against threats as diverse as Falun Gong and international human rights groups.[5]

1990s Falun Gong crackdown

edit

In 1999, during the first crackdown on Falun Gong, CCTV's Focus Talk ran 28 episodes over a 32-day period which defamed practitioners and incited hatred against them. In 2001, they deceptively claimed that a group of people who had set themselves on fire in Tiananmen Square were Falun Gong adherents, a claim which was characterized as "clearly abusive" by the Canadian regulatory commission.[5]

Xinwen Lianbo and fake imagery

edit

On 23 January 2011, Xinwen Lianbo showcased the Chengdu J-10 firing a missile at a plane, causing it to explode. The footage lasted half a second and the destroyed plane shown was later identified as that of an F-5E, a US fighter jet. The clip was later revealed to have been taken from the 1986 US movie Top Gun.[42]

Comments by CCTV head Hu Zhanfan

edit

In 2011, the new CCTV head Hu Zhanfan "was found to have proclaimed in July [or January,[43] both before the CCTV appointment in November] that journalists' foremost responsibility is to 'be a good mouthpiece'"[44] Internet posts of the comment blossomed after the appointment, one "juxtapos[ing] CCTV's ... Xinwen Lianbo (新闻联播) and photos of Chinese crowds waving red flags with black-and-white images from Nazi-era Germany". Comparisons with the Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels also spread. Official media coverage of the Zhanfan's presentation focused on his call to avoid "fake news and false reports (失实报道)" but also incorporated the "mouthpiece" comment.[43]

Broadcasting forced confessions

edit

CCTV regularly broadcasts the forced confessions of accused or convicted criminals and produces programming to go along with them.[45] These programs are often filmed before the beginning of formal judicial procedures.[46] Domestic dissidents such as lawyers, journalists, and activists as well as foreigners have been the victim of this practice.[47][48][49]

In 2013, Peter Humphrey and Charles Xue's forced confessions were aired on CCTV.[46] Since being freed, Humphrey has been highly critical of CCTV and the practice of airing forced confessions.[50] In 2020, the British media regulator Ofcom sided with Humphrey and announced sanctions against CGTN, which aired Humphrey's confession and was branded as CCTV News at the time.[51][52]

In 2014, CCTV broadcast the forced confession of the then-septuagenarian journalist Gao Yu.[47]

In 2016, Peter Dahlin and Gui Minhai's forced confessions were aired on CCTV.[46] In 2019 Dahlin filed a complaint against China Global Television Network (CGTN) and China Central Television-4 (CCTV-4) with Canadian authorities.[53]

On 21 November 2019, CCTV's international arm CGTN aired a video of a forced confession from Hong Kong activist Simon Cheng. Within a week, Cheng had filed a new complaint to Ofcom over the broadcast.[54]

In 2020, the forced confession of Taiwanese citizen Lee Meng-chu was aired on a CCTV program. A day later, the same program aired the forced confession of an academic from Taiwan accused of espionage and separatist activities.[55]

2009 fire

edit
Main article: Beijing Television Cultural Center fire

On 9 February 2009, the Beijing Television Cultural Center caught fire on the last day of the festivities of Chinese New Year, killing one firefighter.[56] The blaze rendered the 42-story structure unusable, as the zinc and titanium alloy of the outer skin was burnt.[56]

The fire had implications for the credibility of CCTV, which was already unpopular because of its dominance in the media.[57] The incident was mocked by netizens who reproduced photoshopped photos of the fire and criticized CCTV for censoring coverage. Pictures of the fire are widely distributed on the internet, as a result of citizen journalism.[58]

Libyan Civil War

edit

During the 2011 military intervention in Libya, reports from CCTV tended to support Muammar Gaddafi's arguments, claiming that the coalition forces attacked Libyan civilians and the military intervention was no different from an invasion. In some of the news reports, CCTV used images of demonstrators and said that they were against NATO's military intervention. CCTV also mislabeled a person holding a banner which said "Vive la France" ("long live France" in French) and claimed that he was a supporter of Gaddafi. Later on 27 March, a Chinese banner that said "Muammar Gaddafi is a lier. [sic]" was shown in some Libyan demonstration videos on the Internet.[59]

2019 NBA free speech dispute

edit

In 2019, CCTV announced that they were cancelling the broadcast of two National Basketball Association preseason games in response to a tweet by the General Manager of the Houston Rockets, Daryl Morey, in support of pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong. After Adam Silver defended the General Manager's right to free speech, CCTV responded with, "We express our strong dissatisfaction and opposition to Silver's stated support of Morey's right to free speech. We believe any remarks that challenge national sovereignty and social stability do not belong to the category of free speech," and continued, "We will also immediately examine all other cooperation and exchanges with the NBA."[60]

Censorship and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine

edit
Further information: Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine and China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the 2022 Winter Paralympics, CCTV censored a speech by International Paralympic Committee president Andrew Parsons condemning the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[61][62] CCTV promoted Russian disinformation such as unsubstantiated claims of biological weapons labs in Ukraine.[63][64][65][66] In April 2022, CCTV repeated Russian claims that the Bucha massacre was staged.[67]

Censorship during the 2022 COVID-19 protests

edit
Further information: 2022 COVID-19 protests in China

During the 2022 COVID-19 protests in China, CCTV's coverage of the 2022 FIFA World Cup censored scenes of maskless fans in the stadium.[68][69] CCTV avoided coverage of the protests directly.[70]

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

edit

In 2023, CCTV ran paid ads on social media platforms in multiple countries and languages denouncing the discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, which critics labeled part of a concerted disinformation campaign.[71][72][73]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b "Ownership and control of Chinese media". 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  2. ^ a b Pan, Jennifer; Shao, Zijie; Xu, Yiqing (2021). "How government-controlled media shifts policy attitudes through framing". Political Science Research and Methods. 10 (2): 317–332. doi:10.1017/psrm.2021.35. ISSN 2049-8470. S2CID 243422723.
  3. ^ a b c Buckley, Chris (21 March 2018). "China Gives Communist Party More Control Over Policy and Media". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Under the new plan, the party's Department of Propaganda will take direct control of film, the news media and publications from the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, a government agency.
  4. ^ a b c Brady, Anne-Marie (16 November 2009). Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 17, 167. ISBN 978-0-7425-6790-0. OCLC 968245349.
  5. ^ a b c d e Cook, Sarah (25 September 2019). "China Central Television: A Long-standing Weapon in Beijing's Arsenal of Repression". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  6. ^ Lim, Louisa; Bergin, Julia (7 December 2018). "Inside China's audacious global propaganda campaign". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  7. ^ "CCTV-English Channel". Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  8. ^ Miller, T. (2003). Television: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25502-8.
  9. ^ Qian, Ying (2024). Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231204477.
  10. ^ a b Davis, Rebecca (5 November 2019). "'China Nature' Series Set Up by BBC and CITVC". Variety. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  11. ^ a b Kops, M. & Ollig, S. Internationalization of the Chinese TV Sector. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2007. pp. 33. ISBN 978-3-8258-0753-5.
  12. ^ Kops & Ollig, pp. 34.
  13. ^ Kops & Ollig, pp. 35.
  14. ^ "About Us". www.chinatvcorp.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  15. ^ a b Hu, Zhengrong; Ji, Deqiang; Gong, Yukun (27 November 2017), Thussu, Daya Kishan; de Burgh, Hugo; Shi, Anbin (eds.), "From the outside in: CCTV going global in a new world communication order", China's Media Go Global (1 ed.), Routledge, pp. 67–78, doi:10.4324/9781315619668-5, ISBN 978-1-315-61966-8
  16. ^ a b Ying Zhu (4 May 2010). Two Billion Eyes: The Story of China Central Television. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-802-9. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  17. ^ CCTV: One Network, 1.2 Billion Viewers Archived 26 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine , Adweek, 5 February 2007.
  18. ^ "China launches Arabic TV channel". BBC News. 25 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  19. ^ Davidson, Helen (31 March 2022). "Close ties allow Russian propaganda to spread swiftly through China, report claims". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  20. ^ "CCTV and Russian RT TV signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation". China Central Television (in Chinese). 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  21. ^ Sun, Yi (2024). "Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411. JSTOR jj.15136086.
  22. ^ Lin, Lisa (15 June 2022). Convergent Chinese Television Industries: An Ethnography of Chinese Production Cultures. Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business. Springer Nature. p. 32. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91756-2. ISBN 978-3-030-91756-2. OCLC 1333705685. S2CID 249726789.
  23. ^ Lee, Chin-Chuan; Li, Jinquan (2000). Power, Money, and Media: Communication Patterns and Bureaucratic Control in Cultural China. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-1787-7.
  24. ^ "国务院任免国家工作人员 慎海雄任国家新闻出版广电总局副局长兼央视台长". 中国政府网. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018.
  25. ^ 中央广播电视总台台长慎海雄出任中宣部副部长. Phoenix Television (in Chinese). 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  26. ^ The Chinese Media: More Autonomous and Diverse—Within Limits Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine , CIA.
  27. ^ Shirk, Susan L. (31 May 2007). China: The Fragile Superpower. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5.
  28. ^ Yi, Guolin (2024). "From "Seven Speak-Nots" to "Media Surnamed Party": Media in China from 2012 to 2022". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411. JSTOR jj.15136086.
  29. ^ Coonan, Clifford (14 February 2009). "'Green Dragon' fires up Chinese hopes". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  30. ^ a b Latham, K. Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO, 2007. pp.60 ISBN 978-1-85109-582-7.
  31. ^ China's TV audience passes 1.2 billion Archived 24 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Advertising Age, 9 January 2008.
  32. ^ Li, J. & Lee, C. Chinese Media, Global Contexts: Global Contexts. Routledge, 2003. pp. 168. ISBN 978-0-415-30334-7.
  33. ^ Yuan, Elaine J. (University of Illinois at Chicago). "Diversity of exposure in television viewing: audience fragmentation and polarization in Guangzhou" (Archived 2 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine). Chinese Journal of Communication 1:1, 91 – 108. 2008. Available at (Archived 19 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine) Taylor & Francis, Available at (Archived 2 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine) University of Illinois, Chicago INDIGO.
  34. ^ Wang, J. Brand New China: Advertising, Media, and Commercial Culture. Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-674-02680-3.
  35. ^ "China Central Television". Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  36. ^ "China TV faces propaganda charge". BBC News. 12 January 2009. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  37. ^ 'Boycott state media' call Archived 5 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine , The Straits Times, 14 January 2009.
  38. ^ Cook, Sarah. "China Central Television: A Long-standing Weapon in Beijing's Arsenal of Repression". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  39. ^ Zhu, Ying (5 June 2012). "The Inside Story of When China's State-Run TV Criticized the Party". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2021. , accessed June 2012
  40. ^ Wong, Edward (22 June 2020). "U.S. Designates Four More Chinese News Organizations as Foreign Missions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  41. ^ Ruwitch, John; Kelemen, Michele (22 June 2020). "Trump Administration Labels 4 More Chinese News Outlets 'Foreign Missions'". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  42. ^ "CCTV Tries to Pass Off 'Top Gun' Clip as Real?". The Wall Street Journal. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  43. ^ a b Bandurski, David (5 December 2011). "Goebbels in China?". China Media Project. Archived from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  44. ^ Osnos, Evan, "The Pentagon Papers, the Press, and Beijing" Archived 9 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine , The New Yorker blog, December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  45. ^ Carlson, Benjamin. "In China, the confession will be televised. In fact, it already is". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  46. ^ a b c Wong, Edward (21 January 2016). "China Uses Foreigners' Televised Confessions to Serve Its Own Ends". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  47. ^ a b Huang, Zheping (15 July 2015). "China is using televised confessions to shame detained lawyers, journalists, and activists". Quartz. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  48. ^ Chin, Josh (25 January 2016). "On Chinese TV, Confessions Are All the Rage". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  49. ^ Jiang, Steven (26 January 2016). "Trial by media? Confessions go prime time in China". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  50. ^ Humphrey, Peter. "Countering China's Forced Confessions". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  51. ^ "Chinese TV channel breached rules with 'forced confession'". BBC News. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  52. ^ "UK Watchdog Upholds Complaint Against Chinese Broadcaster". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  53. ^ Nuttall, Jeremy (10 June 2020). "China broadcast my forced confession in Canada — and CRTC does nothing: ex-prisoner". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  54. ^ "Simon Cheng: UK media watchdog receives 'China forced confession' complaint". BBC News. 28 November 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  55. ^ Teng, Sylvia (13 October 2020). "Another Taiwanese reportedly detained by China for 'endangering national security'". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  56. ^ a b Jacobs, Andrew (9 February 2009). "Fire Ravages Renowned Building in Beijing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  57. ^ Beijing fire evokes mixed reactions Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine , Financial Times, 13 February 2009.
  58. ^ Credibility of CCTV tarnished by big fire Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine , The Malaysian Insider, 16 February 2009.
  59. ^ "利比亚反对派举中文标语"卡扎菲是说谎者"". Phoenix Television (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  60. ^ Toh, Michelle (8 October 2019). "China won't show NBA preseason games as backlash over Hong Kong tweet grows". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  61. ^ "Paralympic Committee asks Beijing why anti-war speech censored". France 24. 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  62. ^ "Paralympic Body Asks China Why it Censored Anti-War Speech". Bloomberg News. 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  63. ^ Yuan, Li (4 March 2022). "How China Embraces Russian Propaganda and Its Version of the War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  64. ^ Wong, Edward (11 March 2022). "U.S. Fights Bioweapons Disinformation Pushed by Russia and China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  65. ^ Rising, David (11 March 2022). "China amplifies unsupported Russian claim of Ukraine biolabs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  66. ^ McCarthy, Simone (10 March 2022). "China's promotion of Russian disinformation indicates where its loyalties lie". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  67. ^ McCarthy, Simone; Xiong, Yong (6 April 2022). "As the world reacts in horror to Bucha, China's state media strikes a different tone". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  68. ^ Mellor, Sophie (28 November 2022). "China's state-owned television is editing maskless fans out of its World Cup coverage". Fortune. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  69. ^ Wei, Low De (28 November 2022). "World Cup Fans Without Masks Pose Dilemma for Chinese TV Amid Protests". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  70. ^ Yerushalmy, Jonathan (28 November 2022). "How Chinese media have – and haven't – covered widespread protests against zero-Covid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 October 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  71. ^ Rich, Motoko; Liu, John (31 August 2023). "China's Disinformation Fuels Anger Over Fukushima Water Release". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  72. ^ "Fukushima: China's anger at Japan is fuelled by disinformation". BBC News. 2 September 2023. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  73. ^ Davidson, Helen (4 September 2023). "State-backed disinformation fuelling anger in China over Fukushima water". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to China Central Television.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Central_Television&oldid=1248709125"