Butalbital

Butalbital
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlus	a601009
Routes of; administration	By mouth
ATC code	none;
Legal status
Legal status	BR: Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs); CA: Schedule IV; DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible); UK: Class B; US: Schedule III; UN: Psychotropic Schedule III;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	20-45%
Metabolism	Liver mainly CYP3A4
Elimination half-life	35 hours
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 5-(2-Methylpropyl)-5-(2-propenyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione;
CAS Number	77-26-9 ;
PubChem CID	2481;
IUPHAR/BPS	7138;
DrugBank	DB00241 ;
ChemSpider	2387 ;
UNII	KHS0AZ4JVK;
KEGG	D03182 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:102524 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL454 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6022711 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.926
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C11H16N2O3
Molar mass	224.260 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(CC(C)C)C\C=C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C11H16N2O3/c1-4-5-11(6-7(2)3)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h4,7H,1,5-6H2,2-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16) ; Key:UZVHFVZFNXBMQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	(verify)

Butalbital is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) (as Butalbital/acetaminophen) or aspirin, for the treatment of pain and headache. The various formulations combined with codeine are FDA-approved for the treatment of tension headaches. Butalbital has the same chemical formula as talbutal but a different structure—one that presents as 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid.^[3]

Preparations

Combinations include:

Butalbital/acetaminophen, Butalbital and acetaminophen (paracetamol), (trade names: Axocet, Bucet, Bupap, Cephadyn, Dolgic, Phrenilin, Forte, Sedapap)
Butalbital, paracetamol (acetaminophen), and caffeine (trade names: Fioricet, Esgic, Esgic-Plus, Orbivan, Fiormor, Fiortal, Fortabs, Laniroif)
Butalbital, paracetamol (acetaminophen), caffeine, and codeine phosphate (trade name: Fioricet#3 with Codeine)
Butalbital and aspirin (trade name: Axotal)
Butalbital, aspirin, caffeine (trade name: Fiorinal)
Butalbital, aspirin, caffeine, and codeine phosphate (trade name: Fiorinal#3 with Codeine)
Ergotamine tartrate, caffeine, butalbital, belladonna alkaloids (trade name: Cafergot-PB)

Contraindications

There are specific treatments which are appropriate for targeting migraines and headaches.^[4] Butalbital is not recommended as a first-line treatment because it impairs alertness, brings risk of dependence and addiction, and increases the risk that episodic headaches will become chronic.^[5] When other treatments are unavailable or ineffective, butalbital may be appropriate if the patient can be monitored to prevent the development of chronic headache.^[5]

Side effects

Side effects for any psychoactive drug are difficult to predict, though butalbital is usually well tolerated. Commonly reported side effects for butalbital, some of which tend to subside with continued use, include:

Dizziness
Respiratory depression (impaired breathing)
Drowsiness
Intoxicated feeling
Light-headedness
Nausea
Sedation
Euphoria
Severe impairment of judgment
Diarrhea
Memory Loss
Constipation

Rare side-effects include Stevens–Johnson syndrome, an adverse reaction to barbiturates, and anaphylaxis.

The risk and severity of all side effects is greatly increased when butalbital (or butalbital-containing medications) are combined with other sedatives (ex. ethanol, opiates, benzodiazepines, antihistamines). In particular, butalbital, especially when combined with other sedatives (e.g. opioids), can cause life-threatening respiratory depression and death. Inhibitors of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 may also increase the risk, severity, and duration of side effects, many drugs inhibit this enzyme as do some foods such as grapefruit and the blood orange. Taking butalbital-based medications with some other drugs may also increase the side effects of the other medication.

Dangers and risks

Butalbital can cause dependence or addiction. Mixing with alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other CNS-depressants increases the risk of intoxication, increases respiratory depression, and increases liver toxicity when in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen). Use of butalbital and alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other CNS-depressants can contribute to coma, and in extreme cases, fatality.

References

^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
^ "Butalbital and Acetaminophen - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21.
^ DE Patent 526854
^
American Academy of Neurology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Academy of Neurology, archived from the original on September 1, 2013, retrieved August 1, 2013, which cites
- Silberstein SD (September 2000). "Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 55 (6): 754–62. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.6.754. PMID 10993991.
- Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, Goadsby PJ, Linde M, May A, Sándor PS (September 2009). "EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine--revised report of an EFNS task force". European Journal of Neurology. 16 (9): 968–81. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02748.x. PMID 19708964. S2CID 9204782.
- Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (2011), Headache, Diagnosis and Treatment of, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, archived from the original on 2013-10-29, retrieved 2013-10-24
^ ^a ^b
American Headache Society (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Headache Society, archived from the original on 3 December 2013, retrieved 10 December 2013, which cites
- Bigal ME, Lipton RB (April 2009). "Excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine". Pain. 142 (3): 179–82. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.013. PMID 19232469. S2CID 27949021.
- Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB (September 2008). "Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study". Headache. 48 (8): 1157–68. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x. PMID 18808500. S2CID 17358333.
- Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Lipton RB (November 2003). "Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study". Pain. 106 (1–2): 81–9. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00293-8. PMID 14581114. S2CID 29000302.
- Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. (March 2004). "Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine". Neurology. 62 (5): 788–90. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2. PMID 15007133. S2CID 20759425.

External links

Butalbital Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, Online Medical Dictionary
Butalbital and Acetaminophen (Systemic) (archive), MedicinePlus Drug Information
Controlled Substances in Schedule III, (archive), U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration

[1] Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.

[2] "Butalbital and Acetaminophen - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21.

[3] DE Patent 526854

[AANfive-4] American Academy of Neurology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Academy of Neurology, archived from the original on September 1, 2013, retrieved August 1, 2013, which cites
Silberstein SD (September 2000). "Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 55 (6): 754–62. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.6.754. PMID 10993991.

Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, Goadsby PJ, Linde M, May A, Sándor PS (September 2009). "EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine--revised report of an EFNS task force". European Journal of Neurology. 16 (9): 968–81. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02748.x. PMID 19708964. S2CID 9204782.

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (2011), Headache, Diagnosis and Treatment of, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, archived from the original on 2013-10-29, retrieved 2013-10-24

[5] Silberstein SD (September 2000). "Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 55 (6): 754–62. doi:10.1212/WNL.55.6.754. PMID 10993991.

[6] Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, Goadsby PJ, Linde M, May A, Sándor PS (September 2009). "EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine--revised report of an EFNS task force". European Journal of Neurology. 16 (9): 968–81. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02748.x. PMID 19708964. S2CID 9204782.

[7] Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (2011), Headache, Diagnosis and Treatment of, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, archived from the original on 2013-10-29, retrieved 2013-10-24

[AHSfive-5] American Headache Society (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Headache Society, archived from the original on 3 December 2013, retrieved 10 December 2013, which cites
Bigal ME, Lipton RB (April 2009). "Excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine". Pain. 142 (3): 179–82. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.013. PMID 19232469. S2CID 27949021.

Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB (September 2008). "Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study". Headache. 48 (8): 1157–68. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x. PMID 18808500. S2CID 17358333.

Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Lipton RB (November 2003). "Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study". Pain. 106 (1–2): 81–9. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00293-8. PMID 14581114. S2CID 29000302.

Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. (March 2004). "Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine". Neurology. 62 (5): 788–90. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2. PMID 15007133. S2CID 20759425.

[9] Bigal ME, Lipton RB (April 2009). "Excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine". Pain. 142 (3): 179–82. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.013. PMID 19232469. S2CID 27949021.

[10] Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB (September 2008). "Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study". Headache. 48 (8): 1157–68. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x. PMID 18808500. S2CID 17358333.

[11] Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Lipton RB (November 2003). "Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study". Pain. 106 (1–2): 81–9. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00293-8. PMID 14581114. S2CID 29000302.

[12] Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. (March 2004). "Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine". Neurology. 62 (5): 788–90. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2. PMID 15007133. S2CID 20759425.

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