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Nevado San Francisco

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Nevado San Francisco, or Cerro San Francisco (Spanish pronunciation: [neˈβaðo/ˈsero saɱ fɾanˈsisko]), is a stratovolcano on the border between Argentina and Chile,[3] located just southeast of San Francisco Pass. It is considered extinct and is one of the several 6,000 m (19,700 ft) peaks in the area, of which the chief is the Ojos del Salado. It is on the border of 2 provinces: Argentinean province of Catamarca; Chilean province of Copiapo.[4][5][6]

Nevado San Francisco
Highest point
Elevation6,016 m (19,738 ft)
Prominence1,124 metres (3,688 ft)[1]
Parent peakOjos del Salado
Coordinates26°55′07.68″S 068°15′45.71″W / 26.9188000°S 68.2626972°W / -26.9188000; -68.2626972
Geography
Map
LocationArgentina-Chile
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Rock age1.34 - 1.32 million years ago
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruptionUnknown
Climbing
First ascent16 December 1913 - Walther Penck (Germany)[2]

The volcano is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes[7] and reaches an elevation of 6,016 metres (19,738 ft).[8][4][a][b] It is composed from andesite with the exception of basaltic cones and lava flows on the eastern side. These cones are part of the Peinado lineament and a sample was dated 200,000 years ago by argon chronology.[15]: 74–75  They are noteworthy for their olivine phenocrysts.[7] One lava flow less than one million years old reaches a length of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi).[16] The western slopes contain dacitic lava domes.[17] On the summit lie two circle-shaped constructs, of Inca or Formative period ages.[15] San Francisco was first climbed by Walther Penck (Germany) on 16 December 1913.[18]

Notes

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  1. ^ Other data from digital elevation models: SRTM yields 6,027 metres (19,774 ft),[9] ASTER 6,019 metres (19,747 ft),[10] SRTM filled with ASTER6,027 metres (19,774 ft),[10] ALOS 6,019 metres (19,747 ft),[11] TanDEM-X 6,069 metres (19,911 ft)[12] and a handheld GPS survey by Maximo Kausch in October 2012 6,045 metres (19,833 ft).[13]
  2. ^ The height of the nearest key col is 4,911 metres (16,112 ft),[14] leading to a topographic prominence of 1,124 metres (3,688 ft) with a topographical dominance of 18.62%. Its parent peak is Ojos del Salado and the Topographic isolation is 34.8 kilometres (21.6 mi).[13]

See also

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  • "San Francisco". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.

References

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  1. ^ "San Francisco". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  2. ^ Walter Penck (1912–1914). Diarios de investigaciones y viajes a la Cordillera de los Andes.
  3. ^ Biggar, John (2020). The Andes a guide for climbers (5th ed.). Castle Douglas, Scotland. ISBN 978-0-9536087-7-5. OCLC 1260820889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b "San Francisco". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Capas SIG | Instituto Geográfico Nacional". www.ign.gob.ar. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  6. ^ rbenavente. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | SIIT | Mapas vectoriales". bcn.cl. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  7. ^ a b Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Mpodozis, Constantino; Gardeweg, Moyra (1 January 2014). "Magma sources and tectonic setting of Central Andean andesites (25.5–28°S) related to crustal thickening, forearc subduction erosion and delamination". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 385 (1): 310. Bibcode:2014GSLSP.385..303K. doi:10.1144/SP385.11. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 129489335.
  8. ^ Difrol Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ USGS, EROS Archive. "USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b "ASTER GDEM Project". ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  11. ^ "ALOS GDEM Project". Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  12. ^ TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X. "Copernicus Space Component Data Access". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Andean Mountains - All above 5000m". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  14. ^ "Andean Mountains - All above 5000m". Andes Specialists. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  15. ^ a b Nevado de Incahuasi: The Archaeological Anatomy of a Sacred Mountain in the Andes. 2008. ISBN 978-1-109-06242-7.
  16. ^ "Comunicación | Conicet". www.conicet.gov.ar (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  17. ^ Baker, P. E.; Gonzalez-Ferran, O.; Rex, D. C. (1 February 1987). "Geology and geochemistry of the Ojos del Salado volcanic region, Chile". Journal of the Geological Society. 144 (1): 89. Bibcode:1987JGSoc.144...85B. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.144.1.0085. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 130046594.
  18. ^ Penck, Walter (1912–1914). Diarios de investigaciones y viajes a la Cordillera de los Andes.
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