Cesar Rene Arce (born 1976) was an American graffiti artist who was shot to death in Los Angeles in 1995 at age 18. A fellow tagger, David Hillo, was injured. The assailant, William Masters, was prosecuted on weapons charges and received three years probation. The case caused deep controversy in Los Angeles at the time, with both supporters and detractors of Masters' action.
Shooting
editOn January 31, 1995, Arce was writing graffiti under the Hollywood Freeway with a friend, David Hillo, 20.[1] The pair were confronted by William Masters, a failed U.S. Marine and aspiring actor, allegedly acting as vigilante.[2][3][4] Masters stopped his car to take down the license plate number of Arce's car.[5] A confrontation ensued, with Arce producing a screwdriver.[5] Although precise details of the confrontation are in dispute, it ended with Masters shooting Arce in the back, killing the teenager, and shooting Hilo in his backside, wounding him.[1][6]
Prosecution
editMasters was arrested on suspicion of murder following the shooting. He was released the next day without being charged.[7] Masters was later prosecuted for misdemeanor weapons charges,[8] but, based on his claim of self-defense, was never charged in Arce's death.[9] He received a sentence of three years probation, as well as 30 days of community service removing graffiti.[10]
Aftermath and legacy
editThe death of Arce, who was of Mexican heritage, stirred deep controversy within the Los Angeles community at the time.[11][6] On February 10, a 100-person protest in front of the L.A. district attorney 's office called attention to the failure to file murder charges against Masters.[12] Over time, Arce has become celebrated among supporters of graffiti artists.[13][14]
Some Los Angeles residents supported Masters' actions, calling him variously a "hero", a "do gooder", an "observant neighbor" and a "white knight".[3][15] Local radio stations were flooded with calls supporting him.[16]
The story of Arce's killing is referenced in Susan Phillips's book Wallbangin': Graffiti and Gangs in L.A.[17] and Stefano Bloch's Going All City: Struggle and Survival in LA's Graffiti Subculture.[18]
References
edit- ^ a b Mydans, Seth (February 12, 1995). "A Shooter as Vigilante, and Avenging Angel". The New York Times.
- ^ Lee, Cynthia (October 1, 2007). Murder and the Reasonable Man: Passion and Fear in the Criminal Courtroom. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6514-2.
- ^ a b Bender, Steven (September 2003). Greasers and Gringos: Latinos, Law, and the American Imagination. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9887-4.
- ^ Acuna, Rodolfo (2000). Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-04485-3.
- ^ a b Markovitz, Jonathan (2004). Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3995-3.
- ^ a b Dellios, Hugh (February 12, 1995). "L.A. IN AN UPROAR OVER VIGILANTISM". chicagotribune.com/.
- ^ Hefner, Paul (February 7, 1995). "'My God, I've Killed a Kid,' Repentant Shooter Says / Encounter with tagger turns deadly". SFGATE.
- ^ "Charges to Be Filed In Graffiti Shooting", The New York Times, February 26, 1995, URL retrieved August 30, 2006.
- ^ Lee, Cynthia (2003). "Crimes of Fear". Murder and the Reasonable Man: Passion and Fear in the Criminal Courtroom. New York University Press. pp. 156–159. ISBN 0-8147-5115-6.
- ^ "Valley Man Who Killed Tagger Gets Probation : Courts: William Masters is ordered to remove graffiti and surrender his guns. Protesters call sentence unjust". Los Angeles Times. November 9, 1995.
- ^ Kramer, Pamela (February 13, 1995). "City appears divided yet again over slain tagger, pizza thief". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ^ Walsh, Michael (1996). Graffito. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-231-6.
- ^ Chang, Jeff, "The writing on the wall: why are graffiti and vandalism bad words in the left?", ColorLines Magazine, 2002.
- ^ "Death of a Graffiti Writer; The Vigilante Killing of Cesar Rene Arce", Revolution: Voice of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA, February 19, 1995.
- ^ Bloch, Stefano. "Challenging the Defense of Graffiti, In Defense of Graffiti". Routledge Handbook of Graffiti and Street Art: 440–451.
- ^ "Gunman Becomes a Hero After Spray-Painter Slain". Tulsa World. February 18, 1995.
- ^ "Wallbangin' Graffiti and Gangs in L.A. By Susan A. Phillips, excerpt".
- ^ Going All City. University of Chicago Press.
Further reading
edit- Phillips, Susan A. (1999). "Introduction". Wallbangin': Graffiti and Gangs in L.A. University of Chicago Press. xxxi. ISBN 0-226-66772-3.
- Bender, Steven W. (2003). Greasers and Gringos: Latinos, Law, and the American Imagination. New York University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8147-9887-X.
Cesar Rene Arce.