A cetane improver [′sē‚tān im′prüv·ər] is a chemical which has the effect of increasing a diesel fuel's cetane number. A few examples are nitrates, nitroalkanes, nitrocarbonates and peroxides.
One of the main cetane improver additives manufactured today is 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (CAS n°: 27247-96-7)[1] which starts to decompose at 130 °C. 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is the result of the reaction of 2-ethylhexanol and nitric acid.
Workings
editDue to its chemical composition, a cetane improver additive has the faculty to decompose itself at lower temperature than diesel fuel. The additive’s exothermic decomposition leads to successive fuel reactions that result in the start of the combustion at low temperature.[2]
The effect of the additive varies with the fuel type, which itself depends on the quality of the crude oil[3] and the way it is refined.
Regulations
editDiesel fuel is a fraction of a crude, mixed with several additives,[citation needed] compliant with various environmental constraints, in order to be commercialized and added into engines.[4]
With the rise of environmental concerns, the fuel industry has been driven to lessen emissions and increase performance. Europe, for instance, has implemented a minimum cetane Index (46) and cetane number (51) in its diesel specification (EN590)[5]
| emission standard | at latest | sulphur content | cetane number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Euro 1 | 1. January 1993 | max. 2000 ppm | min. 49 |
| Euro 2 | 1. January 1996 | max. 500 ppm | min. 49 |
| Euro 3 | 1. January 2001 | max. 350 ppm | min. 51 |
| Euro 4 | 1. January 2006 | max. 50 ppm | min. 51 |
| Euro 5 | 1. January 2009 | max. 10 ppm | min. 51 |
Uses
editThe crudes used by the refineries are more and more difficult to refine. This results in a Diesel fuel of lower ignition quality.
The use of cetane improver additives constitutes both a cost-effective and convenient way to reduce emissions[6] and improve engine performance.[citation needed]
Refiners also use cetane improver additives in their premium diesel fuel for enhanced performances.
While gasoline needs a spark to be ignited, diesel fuel requires only the combination of the right pressure and temperature to start the combustion, with no outside assistance.[7] The cetane number is a key property of diesel fuel, as it measures its aptitude to self-ignite in the combustion chamber.[8]
The auto ignition temperature of diesel fuel is around 220 °C (428 °F) at atmospheric pressure. Cetane improver additives are used to decrease this temperature and lead to quicker combustion, by increasing the cetane number.[9]
Advantages
editBy reducing ignition time, cetane improver additives affect engine emissions,[10] and guarantee:[11]
- Lower fuel consumption: as the fuel takes longer to burn completely, less fuel needs to be injected for the same performance
- Quicker start-up with less smoke: easier and faster combustion affects smoke emissions, especially on the long term
- Better cold start: fuel ignites more easily
- Less engine knock and noise: as the fuel is quick to ignite, it also burns longer, which allows the pressure to rise more smoothly in the chamber
- Wear reduction: better combustion leads to minimum deposits and lower engine wear
They offer greater flexibility to refiners to improve diesel fuel quality while maximizing refinery yields.
Test methods
editThe industry standards for measuring cetane number are ASTM D-613 (ISO 5165) for the Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, D-6890 for the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), the D-7170 for the Fuel Ignition Tester (FIT) and D-7668 for the Cetane Ignition Delay (CID 510)[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Calculation Routines Supporting the use of Diesel Fuel Cetane Improver". www.cetane.eu/. Cemeg. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ^ "Cetane Number". VeryOne. EURENCO. Archived from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
- ^ "Evaluation of Crude Oil Quality" (PDF). www.vurup.sk/petroleum-coal. Petroleum & Coal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "What is Diesel Fuel "ALGAE"?". criticalfueltech.com. Critical Fuel Technology, Inc. 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "Gazole NF EN 590" (PDF). www.champ-energie.com. Comité Professionnel Du Pétrole. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
- ^ "The Effect of Cetane Number Increase Due to Additives on NOx Emissions" (PDF). www.epa.gov. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ Brain, Marshall (April 2000). "Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline Engines". www.howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ^ "Diesel fuel characteristics and resources". UFA. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ "How do diesel-fuel ignition improvers work?" (PDF). /www.chem.yorku.ca. Chem. Soc. Rev. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
- ^ "Effect of CETANE Improver Additives on Emissions" (PDF). www.ijmer.com. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ^ The Lubrizol Corporation, "Lubrizol 8090 Cetane Improver for Diesel Fuel", [en ligne], http://www.lubrizol.com/FuelAdditives/Products/8090CetaneImprover.html Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine (Page consultée le 15 septembre 2014)
- ^ ASTM International, "All Oil & Gas Standards", [en ligne], http://www.astm.org/industry/all-oil-and-gas-standards.html Archived 2014-10-26 at the Wayback Machine (Page consultée le 17 septembre 2014)