The Ceutrones (or Centrones) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the Tarantaise Valley, in modern Savoie, during the Iron Age and Roman period.
Name
editThey are mentioned as Ceutrones by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[1] Keútrōnes (Κεύτρωνες; var. Κέντ-) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[2] Ceutrones by Pliny (1st c. AD),[3] and as Keutrónōn (Κευτρόνων) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[4][5]
The hamlet of Centron, located in the village of Montgirod, may be named after the Gallic tribe.[6]
They had a homonym tribe in Gallia Belgica, documented in 54 BC, which was probably a pagus of the Nervii.[7][8]
Geography
edit
Note: Lake Geneva is shown at the top
The Ceutrones dwelled in the Tarantaise Valley, along the upper Isère river, near the Little St Bernard Pass (Alpis Graia) on the route stretching from the Rhône Valley to the north of the Italian Peninsula.[9][7] Their territory was located north of the Graioceli and Medulli, southeast of the Allobroges, southwest of the Veragri, and west of the Salassi, on the other side of the Alps.[10]
Among the passes which lead over from Italy to the outer—or northerly—Celtica, is the one that leads through the country of the Salassi, to Lugdunum; it is a double pass, one branch, that through the Ceutrones, being practicable for wagons through the greater part of its length, while the other, that through the Poeninus, is steep and narrow, but a short cut.
— Strabo 1923, Geōgraphiká, 4:11.
Their chief town was known as Axima (modern Aime-la-Plagne). Renamed to Forum Claudii Ceutronum under Claudius (41–54 AD), probably when the Ceutrones were granted Latin Rights, it became the chief town of Alpes Graiae, one of the two divisions of the province of Alpes Graiae et Poeninae. The procurator of the province had an occasional residence in the Ceutronian chief town.[9] In Late Antiquity, the city lost its position to Darentasia (Moûtiers), which became the capital of the Diocese of Tarentaise in 426.[9]
History
editIn the mid-1st century BC, the Ceutrones are mentioned by Julius Caesar as a tribe hostile to Rome. In what appears to be a concerted attack, they attempted to prevent his passage through the upper Durance along with the Caturiges and Graioceli in 58 BC.[11][12]
There [Titus Labienus] enrolled two legions, and brought out of winter quarters three that were wintering about Aquileia; and with these five legions made speed to march by the shortest route to Further Gaul, over the Alps. In that region the Ceutrones, the Graioceli, and the Caturiges, seizing points on the higher ground, essayed to stop the march of his army. They were repulsed in several actions; and on the seventh day he moved from Ocelum, the last station of Hither Gaul, into the borders of the Vocontii in Further Gaul.
— Caesar 1917, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 1:10:4.
Culture
editThe Ceutrones were possibly of Celto-Ligurian origin.[13]
Economy
editThe Ceutrones were known for copper mining. They also produced a renowned cheese named vatusicus.[8][13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 1:10:4.
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:6, 4:7, 4:11.
- ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 3:135.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 3:1:33.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Ceutrones, Forum Claudii Ceutronum and Axima.
- ^ Rostaing, Charles (1949). "La " Sainte " Baume". Revue internationale d'onomastique. 1 (3): 213–215. doi:10.3406/rio.1949.1111.
- ^ a b Kruta 2000, p. 535.
- ^ a b Lafond & Graßl 2006.
- ^ a b c Bérard 1995, p. 344.
- ^ Talbert 2000, Map 17: Lugdunum, Map 18: Augustonemetum-Vindonissa.
- ^ Barruol 1969, p. 43.
- ^ Rivet 1988, p. 335.
- ^ a b Wiblé 2003.
Primary sources
edit- Caesar (1917). The Gallic War. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Edwards, H. J. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99080-7.
- Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674993648.
- Strabo (1923). Geography. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, Horace L. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674990562.
References
edit- Barruol, Guy (1969). Les Peuples préromains du Sud-Est de la Gaule: étude de géographie historique. E. de Boccard. OCLC 3279201.
- Bérard, François (1995). "Un nouveau procurateur à Aime en Tarentaise: Savoie" (PDF). Gallia. 52: 343–358. doi:10.3406/galia.1995.3157. ISSN 0016-4119. JSTOR 43599248. S2CID 159689965.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Kruta, Venceslas (2000). Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-05690-6.
- Lafond, Yves; Graßl, Herbert (2006). "Ceutrones". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e230790.
- Rivet, A. L. F. (1988). Gallia Narbonensis: With a Chapter on Alpes Maritimae : Southern France in Roman Times. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-5860-2.
- Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.
- Wiblé, François (2003). "Ceutrons". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz.. 024602/2003-09-05.