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Cevat Çobanlı (14 September 1870[2] or 1871 – 13 March 1938[1]) was a military commander of the Ottoman Army, War Minister (Harbiye Nazırı) of the Ottoman Empire and a general of the Turkish Army who was notable for causing major Naval losses to the Allies during their Dardanelles campaign in World War I.
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| Nickname(s) | 18 Mart Kahramanı (Hero of 18 March) |
| Born | 14 September 1870 Sultanahmet, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 13 March 1938 (aged 67) Istanbul, Turkey |
| Buried | Erenköy Mezarlığı |
| Allegiance |  Ottoman Empire Turkey |
| Service | Ottoman Army Turkish Land Forces |
| Years of service | Ottoman Empire: 1891–1920 Turkey: 15 January 1922 – 14 September 1935 |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Dardanelles Fortified Area Command, XIV Corps, XV Corps, XIV Corps, VIII Corps, Second Army (deputy), Eighth Army, War Minister, Chief of the General Staff, El-Cezire Front, Third Army, member of the Supreme Military Council |
| Battles / wars | Italo-Turkish War Balkan Wars First World War Turkish War of Independence |
Family
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Cevat was born on 14 September 1870 or in 1871 in Sultanahmet (Istanbul, Ottoman Empire) His mother was Emine Hanım and his father was Müşir Şakir Pasha, Chief of Staff of the Ottoman Army. His family is originally from Malatya.
Education and military career
editAfter graduating from the Galatasaray High School, he enrolled in the Ottoman Military Academy (Mekteb-i Fünûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne) in 1888. He graduated from the school as the fourth of his class in 1891 and joined the Ottoman military as an Infantry Second Lieutenant (Mülâzım-ı Sani).[3] He continued his education in the Ottoman Military College (Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Şâhâne). In 1892, he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant (Mülâzım-ı Evvel).[3] In 1894, he graduated from the military college as a Staff Captain (Erkân-ı Harp Yüzbaşısı) and began his service in the General Staff of the Palace (Maiyet-i Seniyye Erkân-ı Harbiyesi) as an aide-de-camp of Sultan.[3]
He was promoted to the rank of Colonel in 1900 and one-star general in 1901. He was put in charge of improving the defences of Edirne after some deployments abroad. He became a two-star general in 1906. In 1909, as a result of reorganization of military ranks (Tasfiye-i Rütbe Kanunu) he was demoted by two ranks.
Balkan Wars
editHe was the chief of staff of the artillery of the Çatalca Army when the Second Balkan War broke out in 1913. He was appointed as the inspector at the Bulgarian border. He received a medal of merit due to his excellent service.
World War I
editHe was appointed as the Commander of the Çanakkale Fortified Area on November 29, 1914. He is considered a hero for causing immense casualties to the Allied forces during the Dardanelles Campaign. He was appointed as the commander of the 14th Army towards the end of 1915 and was involved in the trench warfare that dominated the last phase of that conflict. After the successful defense of Galipoli and defeat of the Allies, he was appointed as the Group Commander of the region. He served in the Battle of Galicia as Commander of the XV Corps also. At the end of the war, he was serving at the Palestine front.
Exile in Malta
editAfter the occupation of Constantinople by Allied forces, he was arrested by the British in March 1920 and exiled to Malta. After he was released, he returned to Turkey in 1922 and joined Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Turkish War of Independence. He commanded the Cizre front against Anglo-French forces. For his services in the war, he earned the Medal of Independence.
Republic Period
editHe was elected to the parliament in 1923 from Elazığ while he was still part of the military. He represented Turkey during the 1925 international negotiations regarding Mosul. He eventually retired in 1934 due to age limit.
Later life
editAfter his retirement, he lived in his mansion at Göztepe. He died on March 13, 1938. He was laid to rest in Sahrayı Cedit Cemetery. in 1988, he was moved to the Ankara State Cemetery.
Author Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı and the painters Aliye Berger and Fahrelnissa Zeid were his nephew and nieces.
Medals and decorations
edit- Order of the Medjidieh 1st Class with Sword
- Gold Medal of Liyakat
- Gold Medal of Imtiyaz
- Bulgaria Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)
- Bulgaria Order of St Alexander 2nd Class
- Spain Order of Isabella the Catholic 2nd Class
- Prussia Order of the Crown (Prussia) 2nd Class
- Prussia Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class
- Prussia Order of the Red Eagle
- Bavaria Military Merit Order (Bavaria) 2nd Class with Sword
- Bavaria Merit Order of the Bavarian Crown 1st Class with Sword
- Austria-Hungary Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary) 2nd Class
- Austria-Hungary Red Cross 1st Class
- Austria-Hungary Order of the Iron Crown (Austria) 1st Class
- Austria-Hungary Order of the Iron Crown 2nd Class Military
- Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon & Citation
Sources
edit- ^ a b T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 22. (in Turkish)
- ^ Mesut Aydın, Türkiye ve Irak Hudûdu Mes'elesi, Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi Yayınları, 2001, p. 53.
- ^ a b c Genelkurmay, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, p. 23.
See also
edit- List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence
Media related to Cevat Çobanlı at Wikimedia Commons
