The indigenous Gran Chaco people consist of approximately thirty-five tribal groups in the Gran Chaco of South America. Because, like the Great Plains of North America, the terrain lent itself to a nomadic lifestyle, there is little to no archaeological evidence of their prehistoric occupation. Contributing to this near-absence of archaeological data is the lack of suitable raw material for stone tools or permanent construction and soil conditions that are not conducive to the preservation of organic material.[1][2]
 Area of the Gran Chaco | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 300,000 (est. 2010) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay | |
| Languages | |
| See text | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion, Catholicism, Protestantism, atheism |
Geography
editThe actual cultural area of the Gran Chaco peoples differs from that of the geographic Gran Chaco. The northwestern boundary of the cultural area is the Parapetí River and the marshes of the Bañados de Izozog depression, beyond which were the lands of the cultural unrelated Chané and Chiriguano. The cultural boundaries have not been static, even during historical times. In the late 17th century the area expanded to the east across the Paraguay River, when the Mbayá invaded the lands between the Apa River and the Miranda River in Mato Grosso do Sul province in Brazil.[3]
Languages
editThe tribal groups of the Gran Chaco fall into six language families:[4]
- Matacoan languages or Mataco-maká (Wichí languages, Chorote languages, Nivaclé languages and the Maká language)
- Guaicuruan languages
- Lule–Vilela languages
- Mascoian languages
- Zamucoan languages
- Tupi–Guarani languages
Many of the languages are part of a Chaco linguistic area. Common Chaco areal features include SVO word order and active-stative verb alignment.[5] (See also Mataco–Guaicuru languages.)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Combes, Villar & Lowrey 2009, p. 71
- ^ Calandra, Horacio Adolfo; Salceda, Susana Alicia (2008). "Cambio y continuidad en el Gran Chaco: De las historias étnicas a la prehistoria". In Braunstein, José; Meichtry, Norma C. (eds.). Liderazgo, representatividad y control social en el Gran Chaco. Corrientes, Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. pp. 31–38 [32–33]. ISBN 978-950-656-116-1.
- ^ Métraux 1946, p. 197
- ^ Combes, Villar & Lowrey 2009, p. 69
- ^ Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2012). "Languages of the Chaco and Southern Cone". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 625–668. ISBN 9783110255133.
Bibliography
edit- Combes, Isabelle; Villar, Diego; Lowrey, Kathleen (2009). "Comparative Studies and the South American Gran Chaco". Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America. 7 (1): 69–102. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014.
- Métraux, Alfred (1946). Steward, Julian H. (ed.). "Part 2: Indians of the Grand Chaco – Ethnography of the Chaco". Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin. 1 (143). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution: 197–370.
Further reading
edit- Sušnik, Branislava J. (1961). Apuntes de la etnografía Paraguaya, primera parte (second ed.). Asunción, Paraguay: Manuales del Musea Etnografía Andres Barbero.
- Renshaw, John (2002). The Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco: Identity and Economy. ISBN 9780803289918.