The Daijō-daijin or Dajō-daijin[1] (太政大臣, "Chancellor of the Realm") was the head of the Daijō-kan (太政官, Council of State) during and after the Nara period and briefly under the Meiji Constitution. It was equivalent to the Chinese Tàishī (太師), or Grand Preceptor.
| Premodern Japan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Daijō-daijin | |
| Minister of the Left | Sadaijin |
| Minister of the Right | Udaijin |
| Minister of the Center | Naidaijin |
| Major Counselor | Dainagon |
| Middle Counselor | Chūnagon |
| Minor Counselor | Shōnagon |
| Eight Ministries | |
| Center | Nakatsukasa-shō |
| Ceremonial | Shikibu-shō |
| Civil Administration | Jibu-shō |
| Popular Affairs | Minbu-shō |
| War | Hyōbu-shō |
| Justice | Gyōbu-shō |
| Treasury | Ōkura-shō |
| Imperial Household | Kunai-shō |
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History
editEmperor Tenji's favorite son, Prince Ōtomo, was the first to have been accorded the title of Daijō-daijin during the reign of his father.[2] The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of the Daijō-Daijin in the context of a central administrative body composed of the three ministers: the Daijō-daijin (Chancellor), the Minister of the Left (左大臣, Sadaijin), and the Udaijin (右大臣, Minister of the Right). These positions were consolidated under the Code of Taihō in 702.[3]
At a time when the Emperor and the nobility held real power, the Daijō-daijin was the highest position in the Daijō-kan, the central organ of the state. However, it was stipulated by law that no one could be appointed to this position if there was no suitable candidate, and the highest permanent position in the Daijō-kan was that of Sadaijin.[4]
In the Nara period (710–794), the title of Daijō-daijin was basically a posthumous promotion. After the appointment of Fujiwara Yoshifusa in 857 of the Heian period (794–1185), it became an almost permanent position, although not legally permanent, and many members of the Fujiwara clan were appointed to the position.[4] As the Fujiwara clan—which dominated the Sesshō (摂政, Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors) and Kampaku (関白, Imperial Regent fo Adult Emperors)—gained influence, the official government offices diminished in power. By the 10th century, Daijō-daijin had no power to speak of unless they were simultaneously Sesshō and Kampaku, or otherwise supported by the Fujiwara. Although the position continued in name until 1885, by the beginning of the 12th century, the office was essentially powerless, and was often vacant for lengthy periods.[5]
By the 10th century, the position of Daijō-daijin had become an honorary position with no real authority, but it continued to be held by members of the high aristocratic class.
In 1167, Taira no Kiyomori established the first de facto samurai government and became Daijō-daijin. He was the first person to become Daijō-daijin despite being born into the warrior class.[6][7] During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), high-ranking positions at the Daijō-kan, such as Sadaijin, and Udaijin, also became honorary titles bestowed by the emperor on members of the warrior class.[8] At the time of Oda Nobunaga's appointment as Udaijin during the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the only members of the warrior class who had previously been appointed to imperial court posts higher than Udaijin were Taira no Kiyomori and Ashikaga Yoshimitsu as Daijō-daijin and Ashikaga Yoshinori and Ashikaga Yoshimasa as Sadaijin.[9] Nobunaga was posthumously promoted to Daijō-daijin in 1582.[10] Subsequently, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu were appointed Daijō-daijin.[11][12]
This prominent office was briefly resurrected under the Meiji Constitution with the appointment of Sanjō Sanetomi in 1871, before being abolished completely in 1885 in favor of the newly created office of Prime Minister.
Functions
editThe Chancellor presided over the Great Council of State, and controlled the officers of the state, in particular the Sadaijin and Udaijin, as well as four great councillors and three minor councillors. The ministers in turn controlled other elements of the government.
List of the Chancellors of the Realm
editSee also
editNotes
edit- ^ Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Ltd, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane 1959, p. 53.
- ^ Hall, Brown & Yamamura 1993, p. 232.
- ^ a b 太政大臣 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ Dickson & Hazeltine 1898, p. 60.
- ^ 【日本史講師対象】武士史上初の太政大臣へ！～平清盛が目指したもの～ (in Japanese). Tomonokai. 15 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ 平氏政権の登場 (PDF) (in Japanese). NHK. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ 左大臣. Kotobank
- ^ NHK大河ドラマ「麒麟がくる」に登場 古い権威を無視し、あえて将軍にならなかった織田信長のリーダー論 (in Japanese). IT Media. 18 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ 織田信長 (in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ 秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ 徳川家康公について. Kunōzan Tōshō-gū (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
References
edit- Asai, T. (1985). Nyokan Tūkai. Tokyo: Kōdansha (in Japanese).
- Dickson, Walter G. (1869). Japan: Being a Sketch of the History, Government and Officers of the Empire. London: W. Blackwood & Sons. OCLC 10716445
- ———; Hazeltine, Mayo W. (1898), Japan, Nations of the world, vol. 24, New York, NY, US: Peter Fenelon Collier.
- Hall, John Whitney; Brown, Delmer M.; Yamamura, Kozo (1993), The Cambridge History of Japan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2.
- Kitabatake Chikafusa (1980) [1359], Jinnō Shōtōki (A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns). Varley, H. Paul, transl. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4.
- Ozaki, Yukio (2001). The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan. [Translated by Fujiko Hara]. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05095-3 (cloth).
- ——— (1955), Ozak Gakudō Zenshū (in Japanese), Tokyo: Kōronsha.
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon (1959), The Imperial House of Japan, Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society, OCLC 194887.
- Sansom, George (1958). A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: Routledge Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1720-X
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland (in French).