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Changhsingian

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In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.9 Ma ago. It is preceded by the Wuchiapingian age/stage and is followed by the Induan age/stage (Early Triassic epoch).[4]

Changhsingian
254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.9 Ma
↓
Bellerophon Formation, Dolomites, Italy
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Name ratified1981
Alternate spelling(s)Changxingian
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionMeishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower boundary GSSPFAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi
31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064
Lower GSSP ratified2005[2]
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSPMeishan, Zhejiang, China
31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058
Upper GSSP ratified2001[3]

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred around the end of this age.

Stratigraphic definitions

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The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxīng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.[5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970[6][7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.[2]

The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing, just below the Changhsingian foraminifer index fossil Palaeofusulina and the first appearance of the ammonoid Tapashanites.[2] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan Stage and the Triassic System) is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.[8] In the second part of the 20th century, appearance of the ammonite Otoceras, that existed no more than 100,000 years, in the boreal region was considered a marker of the Lower Triassic boundary. However, a more detailed study of Lower Induan biostratigraphy revealed the diachronicity of the appearance of these mollusks in different regions of the Earth.[8]

The Changhsingian contains only one ammonoid biozone: that of the genus Iranites.

Changhsingian life

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Main page: Category:Changhsingian life

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic Era, when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.[9]

On land, the Changhsingian fauna comprised gorgonopsid synapsids like Inostrancevia, anomodont synapsids like Daptocephalus and Dicynodon, and parareptiles like Elginia, milleretids and Nanoparia.

Among fishes, the bobasatraniiforms Bobasatrania and Ebenaqua are known from Changhsingian deposits of Greenland and Australia, respectively. Another deep-bodied fish, Sinoplatysomus, is known from Zhejiang province of China, along with the elongate saurichthyiform Eosaurichthys and the coelacanths Changxingia and Youngichthys. Within the Eugeneodontida, the helicoprionids are represented by the genus Sinohelicoprion; as well as some edestids such as Helicampodus; and other eugeneodontids. Several fish genera were described from Changhsingian deposits of Russia and South Africa.[10] The Hambast Formation of Iran yielded chondrichthyan faunas of Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian age.[11]

The conodont Vjalovognathus carinatus is known from the Selong Formation of Tibet;[12] more common conodonts include the genera Clarkina and Hindeodus.

Changhsingian aged beds of the Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation produced fossils of a crown group echinoid, Eotiaris teseroensis and other taxa.[13]

The Paratirolites Limestone near Julfa (Azerbaijan, Iran) contains a diverse pre-extinction ammonoid fauna, including the genera Neoaganides, Pseudogastrioceras, Dzhulfites, Paratirolites, Julfotirolites, Alibashites, Abichites, Stoyanowites and Arasella[14]

The Bellerophon Formation in northern Italy documents a pre-extinction bivalve community with 26 species adapted to stressful conditions (high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input).[15] The formation is otherwise known for abundant Bellerophon fossils.[16]

Only a few trilobite genera are present by the Changhsingian. The last of the Trilobita include the genus Kathwaia of Pakistan. Perhaps the most widespread and diverse genus was Pseudophillipsia, other genera include Acropyge, Cheiropyge, and Paraphillipsia.[17]

In Australia, fossils of one of the last surviving eurypterids, ?Woodwardopterus freemanorum, were found.[18]

Notable formations

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References

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  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S.; Cao, C. (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07..
  3. ^ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  4. ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ^ Grabau, A.W. (1923). "Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower". Geological Survey of China. p. 529.
  6. ^ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F. (1970). "Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan". In Kummel, B.; Teichert, G. (eds.). Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan. Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication. Vol. 4. pp. 158–176.
  7. ^ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F (1973). "Permian stages names". In Logan, A.; Hills, L.V. (eds.). The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. Vol. 2. pp. 522–548.
  8. ^ a b Kutygin R.V., Budnikov I.V., Biakov A.S., Davydov V.I., Kilyasov A.N., Silantiev V.V. (2019). "First findings of Otoceras (Ceratitida) in the Kobyuma zone of the Southern Verkhoyansk region, Northeastern Russia" (PDF). Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki (in Russian). 161 (4): 550–570. doi:10.26907/2542-064X.2019.4.550-570. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
  10. ^ Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution" (PDF). Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. S2CID 5332637.
  11. ^ Hampe, Oliver; Hairapetian, Vachik; Dorka, Markus; Witzmann, Florian; Akbari, Amir M.; Korn, Dieter (2013). "A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 88 (1): 1–20. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1357. ISSN 1214-1119.
  12. ^ Lina Wang; Paul B. Wignall; Yadong Sun; Chunbo Yan; Zaitian Zhang; Xulong Lai (2017). "New Permian-Triassic conodont data from Selong (Tibet) and the youngest occurrence of Vjalovognathus" (PDF). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 146: 152–167. Bibcode:2017JAESc.146..152W. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.05.014.
  13. ^ Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Posenato, Renato; Bottjer, David J.; Petsios, Elizabeth (2019). "Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction". PeerJ. 7: e7361. doi:10.7717/peerj.7361. PMC 6718154. PMID 31531267.
  14. ^ Korn, Dieter; Ghaderi, Abbas; Leda, Lucyna; Schobben, Martin; Ashouri, Ali Reza (2015). "The ammonoids from the Late Permian Paratirolites Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (10): 841–890. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211. S2CID 130932875.
  15. ^ Prinoth, Herwig; Posenato, Renato (2023). "Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (2): e1486. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1486P. doi:10.1002/spp2.1486. hdl:11392/2508931.
  16. ^ Stache, G. (1877). "Beiträge zur Fauna der Bellerphonkalke Südtirols 1, Cephalopoden und Gastropoden" (PDF). Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German). 27 (3). Wien: 272–318.
  17. ^ "The Last Trilobites". trilobites.info. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  18. ^ Poschmann, Markus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022-10-03). "The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction". Historical Biology. 34 (10): 2020–2030. Bibcode:2022HBio...34.2020P. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033. ISSN 0891-2963.
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