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Charles P. Kindleberger

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Charles Poor Kindleberger (October 12, 1910 – July 7, 2003) was an American economic historian and author of over 30 books. His 1978 book Manias, Panics, and Crashes, about speculative stock market bubbles, was reprinted in 2000 after the dot-com bubble. He is well known for his role in developing what would become hegemonic stability theory,[1][2] arguing that a hegemonic power was needed to maintain a stable international monetary system.[3] He has been referred to as "the master of the genre" on financial crisis by The Economist.[4]

Charles Kindleberger
Kindleberger ca.1973
BornOctober 12, 1910
New York City, US
DiedJuly 7, 2003(2003-07-07) (aged 92)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
EducationBA University of Pennsylvania PhD Columbia University
OccupationEconomist
Years active1934–1996
Employer(s)United States Treasury, MIT
SpouseSarah Miles Kindleberger
Children4, including Richard S. Kindleberger
AwardsBronze Star, Legion of Merit

Life

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Background

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Kindleberger was born in New York City on October 12, 1910. He graduated from the Kent School in 1928, the University of Pennsylvania in 1932, and received a PhD from Columbia University in 1937.[5]

During the summer of 1931, he traveled to Europe and attended a seminar hosted by Salvador de Madariaga, but, when the latter was appointed Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Kindleberger attended lectures at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva led by Sir Alfred Zimmern.[6]

Government

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Treasury

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While writing his thesis, Kindleberger was employed temporarily in the international division of United States Treasury under the direction of Harry Dexter White. He then joined the Federal Reserve Bank of New York full-time (1936–1939). Subsequently, he worked at the Bank for International Settlements in Switzerland (1939-1940), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (1940–1942). During World War II, he served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). From 1945 to 1947 he was Chief of the Division of Economic Affairs of Germany and Austria at the United States Department of State.[7]

Marshall Plan

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Kindleberger was a leading architect of the Marshall Plan. In 1945–1947 he served at the Department of State as Acting Director of the Office of Economic Security Policy, and briefly from 1947-48 as counselor for the European Recovery Program.[7]

He described his around-the-clock work to develop and launch the Marshall Plan with singular passion in a 1973 interview:

We were conscious of a great sense of excitement about the plan. Marshall himself was a great, great man—funny, odd but great—Olympian in his moral quality. We'd stay up all night, night after night. The first work ever done that I know about in economics on computers used the Pentagon's computers at night for the Marshall Plan. I had a tremendous sense of gratification from working so hard on it.[8]

Harry Dexter White

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Though he himself was spared anti-communist investigation during the 1950s, he later recalled:

...I worked in the Treasury under Harry Dexter White. That gave me a lot of trouble later on because he got in trouble, and anybody who was infected by him got into trouble, too. The FBI listened to my phone calls and things I said in the course of my work at the State Department and gave gossip and some misrepresentations to columnists like George Sokolsky. J. Edgar Hoover fed them such gossip.[9]

Academia

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After 1948, Kindleberger was appointed Professor of International Economics at MIT.[5] He retired from a full-time position in 1976 and continued as a senior lecturer until full retirement from teaching in 1981.[8]

He partook in working groups of the Council on Foreign Relations.[7] He later held the position of Ford International Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Honors

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Personal

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Kindleberger was married to Sarah Miles Kindleberger for 59 years. They had four children: Charles P. Kindleberger III,[13] Richard S. Kindleberger (a reporter for the Boston Globe), Sarah Kindleberger, and E. Randall Kindleberger.[7][14]

He died of a stroke on July 7, 2003, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[7]

Work

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Kindleberger wrote 30 books: International Short-Term Capital Movements in 1937, and the others beginning in 1950.

As an economic historian, Kindleberger used a narrative approach to knowledge, not based on mathematical models. In the preface to The Great Depression 1929-1939, he wrote: "It's the story simply told, without tables of squares..."[7]

His book Manias, Panics, and Crashes is still widely used in Master of Business Administration (MBA) programs in the United States.

Hegemonic stability theory

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Main article: Hegemonic stability theory

In his 1973 and 1986 book The World in Depression 1929–1939, Kindleberger advances an idiosyncratic, internationalist view of the causes and nature of the Great Depression, which concludes that a world hegemon is necessary for a generally stable world economy.[15][16][17][18] Blaming the peculiar length and depth of the Depression on the hesitancy of the US in taking over leadership of the world economy when Britain was no longer up to the role after World War I, he concludes that "for the world economy to be stabilized, there has to be a stabilizer—one stabilizer", by which, in the context of the interwar years at least, he means the United States. In the last chapter, "An Explanation of the 1929 Depression", Kindleberger lists the five responsibilities the US would have had to assume in order to stabilize the world economy:

  1. maintaining a relatively open market for distress goods;
  2. providing countercyclical, or at least stable, long-term, lending;
  3. policing the relative stability of exchange rates;
  4. ensuring the coordination of nations' macroeconomic policies;
  5. acting as a lender of last resort by discounting, or otherwise providing liquidity, in a financial crisis.

Kindleberger was highly skeptical of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz's monetarist view of the causes of the Depression, seeing it as too narrow and perhaps dogmatic, and dismisses out of hand what he characterized as Paul Samuelson's "accidental" or "fortuitous" interpretation. The World in Depression was praised by John Kenneth Galbraith as "the best book on the subject".[citation needed]

For Kindleberger, the main problem with international institutions is that they provide public goods whose provision states are incentivized to free-ride on.[19] Following Mancur Olson, Kindleberger argued that the solution to the free-riding problem was to have an actor who was large enough (a hegemon) and willing to bear the cost of cooperation alone.[19]

Books

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  • International Short-term Capital Movements (NY: Columbia University Press, 1937)
  • International Economics (Irwin, 1953)
  • Economic Development (New York, 1958)
  • Foreign Trade and the National Economy (Yale, 1962)
  • Europa and the Dollar (Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1966)
  • Europe's Postwar Growth. The Role of Labor Supply (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967)
  • American Business Abroad (New Haven, London, 1969)
  • The Benefits of International Money. Journal of International Economics 2 (Nov. 1972): 425–442.
  • The World in Depression: 1929–1939 (University of California Press, 1973);[20] Kindleberger, Charles P. (1986). revised and enlarged edition. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520055926.
  • Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (Macmillan, 1978)
  • Historical Economics – Art or Science? (1990) (online book)[21][22]
  • A Financial History of Western Europe (New York, 1984)
  • World Economic Primacy: 1500 – 1990 (Oxford University Press, 1996)
  • Centralization versus Pluralism (Copenhagen Business School Press, 1996)
  • Economic Laws and Economic History (Cambridge University Press, 1997)

References

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  1. ^ Cohen, Benjamin J. (2008). International Political Economy: An Intellectual History. Princeton University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-691-13569-4.
  2. ^ Altman, Daniel (July 9, 2003), "Charles P. Kindleberger, 92, Global Economist, Is Dead", The New York Times, retrieved April 18, 2018
  3. ^ Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier; Rey, Hélène; Sauzet, Maxime (2019). "The International Monetary and Financial System". Annual Review of Economics. 11 (1): 859–893. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053518. ISSN 1941-1383. S2CID 169545752.
  4. ^ "A dance to the music of debt" The Economist (November 3, 2012)
  5. ^ a b Cohen, Benjamin J. (2008). International Political Economy: An Intellectual History. Princeton University Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-0-691-13569-4.
  6. ^ Kindleberger, Charles (1986). Le Monde en Dépression : 1929-1939 (French translation of The World in Depression: 1929–1939). Paris: Economica.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Charles P. Kindleberger". The Tech. July 9, 2003. pp. 12 (career to 1948), 15, ("great lesson of the interwar period"), 16 (Council on Foreign Relations). Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  8. ^ a b "MIT Professor Kindleberger dies at 92". MIT News. July 7, 2003. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  9. ^ Parker, Randall E. (2002). Reflections on the Great Depression. Edward Elgar Publishing (UK). p. 87. ISBN 9781843765509.
  10. ^ "Charles Poor Kindleberger". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  11. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  12. ^ "Charles P. Kindleberger". MIT. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  13. ^ [1] “St. Louis Post-Dispatch” obituary (August 30, 2020) )
  14. ^ "Economics Focus: Of Manias, Panics and Crashes". Economist. July 17, 2003. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  15. ^ Spruyt, Hendrik (2020). The World Imagined: Collective Beliefs and Political Order in the Sinocentric, Islamic and Southeast Asian International Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-108-49121-1.
  16. ^ Haberler, Gottfried (1974). "Review of The World in Depression 1929-1939". Journal of Economic Literature. 12 (2): 490–493. ISSN 0022-0515.
  17. ^ Schwartz, Anna J. (1975). "Review of The World in Depression, 1929-1939". Journal of Political Economy. 83 (1): 231–237. ISSN 0022-3808.
  18. ^ Lewis, W. Arthur (1975). "Review of The World in Depression 1929-1939". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 6 (1): 172–174. doi:10.2307/202837. ISSN 0022-1953.
  19. ^ a b Norrlof, Carla (2010). America's Global Advantage: US Hegemony and International Cooperation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511676406. ISBN 978-0-521-76543-5.
  20. ^ Schwartz, Anna J. (February 1975). "Review of The World in Depression, 1929-1939 by Charles P. Kindleberger". Journal of Political Economy. 83 (1): 231–237. doi:10.1086/260319.
  21. ^ Kindleberger, Charles (1990). Historical Economics – Art or Science?. University of California Press.
  22. ^ Sen, Gautam (1991). "Review of Historical Economics - Art or Science by Charles P. Kindleberger". 20 (2). doi:10.1177/03058298910200020707. S2CID 143998451. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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