1964 Chilean presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Chile on 4 September 1964.[1] As the constitution prevented presidents from serving two consecutive terms, incumbent president Jorge Alessandri was ineligible for re-election. The result was a victory for Eduardo Frei Montalva of the Christian Democratic Party, who received 56% of the vote.
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Electoral system
editThe elections were held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates who received the most votes.[2] This affected each candidate's strategy, as if nobody received a majority, it was tradition for Congress to elect the candidate who received the most votes, although this was not a constitutional requirement. In a television interview on 3 May Frei upheld this tradition, by stating that if no candidate earned a majority, Congress should elect the candidate who received the most votes.[3]
Campaign
editA fundamental question of the election was whether to radically transform economic and political institutions or whether to reform them. The Christian Democrats supported further agrarian reform, which had begun under the Alessandri administration and exerting greater state control over the dominant copper industry. FRAP called for more drastic action, advocating the nationalization of copper, nitrate and iron mining, and eventually petroleum companies as well. For agricultural reform, Salvador Allende advocated further transformation, creating a new system based upon a mix of state, collective, and private farms, while urging that no more than 35% of the arable land would be collectivized.[4]
Frei strongly advocated reform of politics, and in substance often differed little from FRAP's detailed proposals. But Frei took a more moderate tone, emphasizing a "Revolution in Liberty," which would transform Chilean society through democratic rather than totalitarian means, implying that Allende's election would lead to a dictatorship. This was part of a major anti-communist publicity campaign by the PDC, which was assisted substantially by the United States, to scare voters away from Allende.[5]
Conduct
editThe elections took place during the Cold War, at a time when the United States was especially alarmed by the success of communist movements in Latin America. In August the Alessandri government bowed under pressure from the U.S. and broke off relations with Cuba, following the 1959 revolution. The move was opposed by FRAP, but had little direct effect on the presidential campaign.[6] For the White House, State Department and Central Intelligence Agency the democratic election of a Marxist candidate in the Western hemisphere would be a "shocking blow to the hegemonic position of the United States."[7]
The Church Committee of the US Senate revealed in 1975 that the CIA interfered substantially with the elections to prevent Allende winning. The CIA secretly funded more than half of Frei's campaign and supported an array of pro-Christian Democratic groups. Two other political parties were funded as well in an attempt to spread the vote. The CIA's assistance to Frei took the form of polling, voter registration and get out the vote drives, in addition to covert propaganda.[8][9]
The US was countering the influence of the Soviet Union, and while the exact total of funds provided to Allende by the Soviets is unknown, records indicate he received $200,000 in 1963 and $275,000 in 1965. It was also believed by CIA Director John McCone that the Cuban government had given Allende up to $1 million, but there are no records proving this amount was paid by Cuba.[10][11] In total the CIA spent $3 million in the 1964 elections, more money than Lyndon B. Johnson spent on his 1964 presidential campaign.[12]
Results
edit| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eduardo Frei Montalva | Christian Democratic Party | 1,409,012 | 56.09 | |
| Salvador Allende | Socialist Party | 977,902 | 38.93 | |
| Julio Durán | Radical Party | 125,233 | 4.99 | |
| Total | 2,512,147 | 100.00 | ||
| Valid votes | 2,512,147 | 99.27 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 18,550 | 0.73 | ||
| Total votes | 2,530,697 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,915,121 | 86.81 | ||
| Source: Nohlen | ||||
References
edit- ^ Dieter Nohlen (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p262 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
- ^ Nohlen, p259
- ^ Hurtado-Torres, Sebastian (2020). The Gathering Storm: Eduardo Frei’s Revolution in Liberty and Chile’s Cold War. Cornell University Press. pp. 36
- ^ Gil, Federico; Parrish, Charles (1965). "The Chilean Presidential Election of September 4, 1964 Part I". Institute for the Comparative Study of Political Systems: 27-28.
- ^ Gil; Parrish, pp. 27-28.
- ^ Gil; Parrish, pp. 42.
- ^ Hurtado-Torres, pp. 13-14.
- ^ Church Committee (1975). "Covert Action in Chile: 1963-1973".
- ^ Johnson, Loch (2007). Strategic Intelligence. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313065286. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Gustafon, Kristian. Hostile Intent: U.S. Covert Operations in Chile, 1964–1974. Potomac Books Inc. ISBN 9781612343594.
- ^ Hurtado-Torres, pp. 22.
- ^ Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541742406.