Foreign relations between the Argentine Republic and People's Republic of China have existed for decades. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1945 as the Republic of China and again on March 19, 1972, with the PRC.
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Both nations are members of the G20 and the United Nations.
Background
editChina's Zhou Enlai, during Mao Zedong's leadership, steered the initial China–Latin America relations by encouraging friendly connections that eventually led to diplomatic relations. The development of diplomatic relations of China and Latin America was in the interest of developing cultural and economic ties.[1] Organizations without ties to the governments of Latin American countries were created to help strengthen these ties between China and Latin America.[1] Starting from 1970, until 1974, China successfully developed diplomatic relations with 12 of Latin America's countries. Five of them in the early part of the four-year span being Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.[2] Diplomatic relations were normalized in 1972, under the presidency of Alejandro Lanusse. In 1973, Isabel Perón led a mission in China as the official envoy of Justicialist Party.[3] In 1980, General Jorge Rafael Videla, as de facto president of the country, was the first Argentine leader to visit China.[4] For China and Latin America to expand on their diplomatic relations, China generated four interrelated concepts – “peace, mutual support, mutual benefit, and collaborative development."[2] One of Argentina's main export is soybeans and soybean related products. The Argentine government in 2002 led by Eduardo Duhalde enforced high taxes of soybean exports, and Néstor Kirchner's following administration doubled that amount.[5]
In November 2004, Kirchner went to Beijing to address China and Argentina's cooperation in future investments and exchanges.[6]
In April 2020, China has become Argentina's biggest trading partner.[7] In Feb 2022, Argentine president's Alberto Fernandez attended the Beijing Winter 2022 Olympics and met with China's Xi Jinping. Within the same month, Argentina officially joined China's Belt and Road Initiative via a memorandum of understanding (MoU) and China also issued an official statement that it backs Argentina's territorial claims over the British-run Falkland Islands.[8]
Trade
editTwo factors on economic influence within Argentina is China's emigration, and exports and imports. Approximately 64% of the farmable land in Argentina is reserved for soybean production.[9] Since 2010, Argentina has become a main exporter of soybean meal and soybean oil. The soybean meal and soybean oil percentages of Argentina range from over 40% (soybean meal) and 60% (soybean oil) of global production. In order to grow Argentina's collective income, soybeans (and soybean related items) are charged 35% of their worth; the greater part of these profits are 5% of Argentina's collective income in soybean exportation.[9] Argentina's financial sector has experienced changes within their soybean exports since the early 2000s.[10]
With China's influence in Latin America during this early period, countries a part of the Mercosur organization also experienced changes within their trade evaluations.[11] The rate of soybean production of five South American countries a part of Mercosur witnessed a 221.4% growth from 1995 to 2010. Argentina is one of China's main trading partners in South America; the trade between both countries amounting to nearly $13 billion in US currency. Before 2008, the amount of exports Argentina sent to China accounted to be US$5.796 billion, and the imports from China to Argentina totaled to be US$7.649 billion.[9] The trade exchange between Argentina and China showed an 80% export of soybean products to China from Argentina, and Chinese industrial exports totaling to be 98.9% of Argentina's imports.
During the economic crisis of 2008, with the minor loss in profits in imports and exports worldwide, and China managing to maintain consistency economically, China was recognized as a world power which directly effected the relationship with Argentina.[12] In 2008, when Argentine trades to China reached US$6,379 million, the exports of soybean products to China from Argentina stopped. Already processed soybean products were prohibited in the Chinese market due to China's own competitive soybean crushing industry.[13]
Argentina's total investment in soybean exports was US$143 million in the past two decades and increased to US$5.55 billion.[13] This event led to Argentina's bilateral trade deficit from 2007 to 2014 amounting to US$24,164 million.[14] During these two decades, Argentina's economic strategies have been ideal to soybean production which expanded from 1995's, 12 million tons, to 2010's, 52.6 million tons.[15] During Argentina's trade deficit, not all of Argentina's soybean products were exported to China, leading to a growth in Argentina's trading partners. In 2012, India was an important importer of Argentine soy oil, followed by China, some European countries, Iran, and Peru.[5] In 2013, Argentina was ranked third in global soybean production, after Brazil and the United States. The amount of soybean production within Argentina totaled to be 18% worldwide.[16]
When trade between China and Argentina increased after the initial deficit, China started to direct their attention towards Argentina's local markets, and infrastructures. China invested in large projects in Argentina such as roads, railroads, and shipping ports to increase export profitability to China.[14] Chinese interest in Argentina has been focused on areas of manufacturing connected to exports to China such as oil, railroads to transport products across different areas of the country, and the soybean industry.[17] In 2010, Chinese investments influenced the Economic Commission for Latin America which largely influenced the economy in Argentina.[14] One of China's influences has been through supplying industrial items to Argentina's growing economy such as: cellular, radio, and television equipment, and computer mainframes.[6]
In April 2023, Argentina announced to pay for Chinese imports in yuan rather than dollars. This decision aims to relieve the country's dwindling dollar reserves.[18] In December 2023, following the election of Javier Milei, who campaigned on breaking ties with China, China suspended a currency swap agreement with Argentina.[19] In June 2024, the currency swap agreement was renewed.[20]
Violation of Argentina's EEZ
editThere have been a number of reported violations of Argentina's Exclusive Economic Zone by Chinese trawlers which extract approximately 950,000 tonnes per year of fish worth around US$2.47 billion from the Argentine Sea.[21] These have resulted in clashes with the Argentine Coast Guard.[22]
- On 17 June 2013, Argentine Coast Guard apprehended a Chinese fishing vessel off its coast.[22]
- On 15 March 2016, Chinese fishing trawler Lu Yan Yuan Yu 010 violated the EEZ, and was sunk by Argentine Coast Guard. There were no fatalities.[23]
- On 9 March 2018, Argentina issued an International capture order for five Chinese boats illegally fishing in its EEZ.[24]
- On 4 March 2019, a Chinese fishing trawler Hua Xiang 801 which was fishing illegally within the country's exclusive economic zone was fired upon by an Argentine Coast guard vessel.[25]
Chinese involvement in migration and land investments
editResidency
editIn 2010 Argentina's National Census listed 11,804 Chinese immigrants living within its borders - 75.6% of this number were immigrants from the People's Republic of China.[26] Foreign immigrants are allowed to stay in the country as either "permanent residents", refugees, or "temporary" residents due to the 2004 Argentine Migration Act.[16] The National Directorate of Migration (NDM) confirmed that 17,505 Chinese citizens had their permanent residency requests approved between 2004 and 2013.[16] After this period, the NDM published their completed analysis/study in 2014 concerning the 2003–2013 census of Chinese residents to show that 48.8% of Chinese immigrants had violated Argentine laws at one point during this time period.[16] This statistic represents a relatively small number of Chinese immigrants actually within the prison system - specifically the 19 Chinese immigrants out of 2,259 foreigners inside the Argentine prison system.[16]Crimes committed against the Chinese citizens of Argentina remained unresolved. The Argentine government submitted requests during this time to China's Ministry of Public Security for help with solving and reducing the number of repeat cases.[27] After the first initial visit from the Chinese police delegation of December 2011, homicides continued, and Argentina and China together decided to resume the cooperation agreement of 1997 in order to solve homicide cases and crimes related to human and drug trafficking.[28]
Both the Chinese government and the Argentine government regulate the migration communication and flow through administrative decisions.[29] Illegal immigration in 2004 was addressed by the Argentine government's Decree No. 1169 that insisted on regulating the migration of people from countries not a part of Mercosur.[29]
An impact of the Chinese community within Argentina's society and government has spread through the creation of organizations assembled by citizens, and establishment of offices representing Chinese companies within the last ten years.[30] Chinese community organizations and groups within Argentina aim to improve education and advancement of media, as well as provide space for incoming offices of Chinese corporations.[30]
Land investment
editChinese ventures have focused on governing parcels of open land in Argentina for resources and food production wholly aimed towards Chinese purchase.[14][31][31] Neoliberal reforms endorsed by Latin American countries recognize foreign investments as being equal to domestic investment.[32] After the Chinese globalization program of 1999, "Going Global", aimed at expanding capital for the Chinese government on a global scale, Chinese corporations such as China International Water and Electric Corporation started to focus on garnering land in Latin America in 2000.[31] During discussion of global expanse within Argentina, it was determined that Argentine land being invested in by Chinese companies would not officially be considered Chinese land, however China would have control over the production of resources within the area.[33] As of 2015, Chinese land investment discussions have stopped due to differences in views.[33]
Military relations
editIn February 2015, Chinese president and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping and his Argentine counterpart, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, announced prospective ambitious arms sales and defense cooperation agreements extending beyond the scope of any made. These plans include Argentina's purchase or coproduction of 110 8×8 VN-1 APCs, 14 JF-17/FC-1 multirole fighters, and five P18 Malvinas class patrol ships.[34][35] While the government of President Mauricio Macri, elected in December 2015, soon dropped the arms purchases from China.[36] that also authorizes construction of satellite tracking facility near Las Lajas, Neuquén; base is managed by People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force.[37][38] Per Argentine ambassador to China, Diego Guelar, China has agreed to use the base only for civilian purposes.[39]
Resident diplomatic missions
edit- Argentina has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.[40]
- China has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[41]
-
Embassy of Argentina in Beijing -
Embassy of China in Buenos Aires
See also
edit
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b He 2012, p. 2.
- ^ a b He 2012, p. 3.
- ^ "La carta de Perón a Mao llevada por militantes que iban a entrenarse a China". infobae. 2017-07-08. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ "China, Argentina to establish strategic partnership". People's Daily. 2004-11-17. Archived from the original on 2020-06-27. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ a b Oviedo 2015, p. 247.
- ^ a b Laufer, Rubén (June 2013). "Argentina-China: New Courses for an Old Dependency". Latin American Policy. 4: 127. doi:10.1111/lamp.12008 – via Galileo.
- ^ "Buenos Aires Times | China overtook Brazil as Argentina's largest trading partner in April". www.batimes.com.ar. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ "Argentina Joins China's Belt and Road". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ a b c Laufer, Rubén (June 2013). "Argentina-China: New Courses for an Old Dependency". Latin American Policy. 4: 126. doi:10.1111/lamp.12008 – via Galileo.
- ^ Oviedo 2015, p. 244.
- ^ O'Connor, Ernesto A. (October 2013). "China, Brazil and Argentina: Agricultural Trade and Development?". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 20: 99 – via Galileo.
- ^ Laufer, Rubén (June 2013). "Argentina-China: New Courses for an Old Dependency". Latin American Policy. 4: 125. doi:10.1111/lamp.12008 – via Galileo.
- ^ a b Oviedo 2015, pp. 245–47.
- ^ a b c d Laufer, Rubén (June 2013). "Argentina-China: New Courses for an Old Dependency". Latin American Policy. 4: 124. doi:10.1111/lamp.12008 – via Galileo.
- ^ O'Connor, Ernesto A. (October 2013). "China, Brazil and Argentina: Agricultural Trade and Development". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 20: 104–105 – via Galileo.
- ^ a b c d e Oviedo 2015, p. 245.
- ^ Laufer, Rubén (June 2013). "Argentina-China: New Courses for an Old Dependency". Latin American Policy. 4: 130. doi:10.1111/lamp.12008 – via Galileo.
- ^ "Argentina to pay for Chinese imports in yuan rather than dollars". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-04-26. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
- ^ "China reportedly suspends US$6.5 billion currency swap agreement with Argentina". South China Morning Post. 2023-12-21. Archived from the original on 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
- ^ "Argentina extends currency swap with China, defusing repayment fears". Reuters. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ Gava, Marcos Gonzalez (15 September 2020). "Argentina must rethink its handling of Chinese interests in pork and fishing". DialogoChino. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ a b Ferdman, Roberto A. (20 June 2013). "Argentina caught a Chinese ship trying to steal 180 tonnes of its squid". Quartz. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ "Argentina sinks Chinese fishing boat Lu Yan Yuan Yu 010". BBC. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ "Argentina calls for capture of five Chinese fishing boats". Reuters. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ Mark, Godfrey (4 March 2019). "Argentine coast guard opens fire on Chinese fishing vessel". Seafood Source. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ^ Oviedo 2015, p. 254.
- ^ Oviedo 2015, pp. 254–55.
- ^ Oviedo 2015, p. 255.
- ^ a b Oviedo 2015, pp. 255–56.
- ^ a b Oviedo 2015, p. 260.
- ^ a b c Puyana & Costantino 2015, p. 109.
- ^ Puyana & Costantino 2015, p. 110.
- ^ a b Puyana & Costantino 2015, p. 114.
- ^ "China's Military Agreements with Argentina: A Potential New Phase in China-Latin America Defense Relations". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. 2015-05-11. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ "Argentina turns to China for arms supply". Nikkei. 2015-04-09. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ "Could China Help Ignite a Second War over the Falkland Islands?". National Interest. 2018-09-14. Archived from the original on 2019-06-21. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ "China Builds Space-Monitoring Base in the Americas". The Diplomat. 2016-05-24. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ "China's military-run space station in Argentina is a 'black box'". Reuters. 2019-01-31. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
- ^ Londoño, Ernesto (July 28, 2019). "From a Space Station in Argentina, China Expands Its Reach in Latin America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ^ "Embassy of Argentina in Beijing". Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
- ^ "Embassy of China in Buenos Aires". Archived from the original on 2004-10-20. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
Bibliography
edit- Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 92–94, 177–183. ISBN 9788498922578.
- He, Shuangrong (2012). China-Latin America Relations: Review and Analysis. China: Social Sciences Academic Press.
- Laufer, Rubén (2013-05-01). "Argentina-China: New Courses for an Old Dependency". Latin American Policy. 4 (1). Wiley: 123–143. doi:10.1111/lamp.12008. ISSN 2041-7365.
- O'Connor, Ernesto A (October 2013). "China, Brazil and Argentina: Agricultural Trade and Development?". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 20 (2): 244–260. JSTOR 44289023.
- Oviedo, Eduardo Daniel (2015-08-01). "Argentina and China: an Analysis of the Actors in the Soybean Trade and the Migratory Flow". Journal of Chinese Political Science. 20 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 243–266. doi:10.1007/s11366-015-9360-4. hdl:11336/13331. ISSN 1080-6954. S2CID 152365992.
- Puyana, Alicia; Costantino, Agostina (2015-07-07). Cypher, James M.; Wilson, Tamar Diana (eds.). "Chinese Land Grabbing in Argentina and Colombia". Latin American Perspectives. 42 (6). SAGE Publications: 105–119. doi:10.1177/0094582x15594394. ISSN 0094-582X. S2CID 143173873.