China National Tobacco Corporation (中国烟草总公司), branded as China Tobacco (中国烟草), is a national key state-owned corporation with chartered monopoly status in China to manufacture and sell tobacco products.
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.jpg) China Tobacco headquarters in Beijing | |
Native name | 中国烟草 |
|---|---|
| Company type | Government agency State-owned enterprise |
| Industry | Tobacco |
| Founded | January 1982 |
| Headquarters | 55 South Yuetan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, 100045 |
Area served | China |
Key people | Zhang Jianmin (张建民 Director of State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, President of China National Tobacco Corporation) |
| Products | Cigarettes |
| Owner | Chinese Central Government |
| Parent | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology |
| Website | www |
| China Tobacco | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 中国烟草 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國煙草 | ||||||
| |||||||
| China National Tobacco Corporation | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国烟草总公司 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國煙草總公司 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Second alternative Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国家烟草专卖局 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國家菸草專賣局 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Third alternative Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 国家烟草局 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 國家煙草局 | ||||||
| |||||||
The State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (国家烟草专卖局) is a Chinese government agency responsible for national tobacco monopoly regulation. Under the policy of one institution with two names, the two agencies are co-located in the same office and share the same website.[1]
China Tobacco enjoys a legal monopoly in the country,[2] accounting for 96% of cigarette sales in the country, and is the world's largest manufacturer of tobacco products measured by revenues. It exports a small proportion of its production, mostly to Asian markets.
History
editIn 1981, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping established the China National Tobacco Corporation in order to modernize the previously chaotic tobacco market in China. In 1983, the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration was also established.[3]
A major objective of China Tobacco and the STMA has been modernization. As recently as the 1980s, China's independent tobacco factories used outdated equipment to the extent that some processes were even carried out by hand. To accomplish their goal of modernization, the STMA allowed a small number of foreign companies into the country, in exchange for modern equipment. Though deals generally favored China, it allowed foreign companies to gain hard-to-come-by connections within China, and at high levels within the tobacco monopoly itself. The acceptance of foreign competition sparked a massive demand for tobacco production equipment in the 1990s, which has since slowed. However, major factories in China now count their production of cigarettes in tens of thousands per hour.
China Tobacco played a key role in watering down the effects of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in China. It established an internal team to advance alternative to draft language viewed as harmful to its business, which also hosted visits by key government officials to tobacco factories, sponsor talks, produce research papers and publish a weekly magazine to promote its ideas.[3] After the final text of the treaty was agreed on in May 2003, the staff from China Tobacco watered down the Chinese translation, replacing many English words with weaker Chinese terms.[3]
At the same time, China Tobacco has consolidated its factory base; currently, there are 130 cigarette factories in China, compared with a 1997 number of 180. To further their goal of consolidation China Tobacco plans to reduce the number of factories below 100 in the near future. This has led to increased efficiency within the industry, allowing for greater production and brand variety than were possible before. In fact, many brands made by only one or two small regional factories have been licensed to large factories, becoming nationwide successes.
Organization and functions
editThe China National Tobacco Corporation and the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration are one institution with two names. STMA is an agency of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.[3] The organization is responsible for enforcing the tobacco monopoly in China, and operates as the state-owned enterprise China Tobacco for marketing, production, distribution, and sales of tobacco products.[4] Branch offices of the company are affiliated under provincial bureaus of tobacco monopoly.[5]
As of 2022[update], China Tobacco controls 96% of the cigarette market is responsible for 46% of cigarette sales worldwide. In the same year, the company generated around $213 billion (¥1.44 trillion) in revenue.[3]
The organization of China Tobacco trickles down locally.[6] China Tobacco contracts out orders to smaller, local factories.[citation needed] In turn these factories fill orders and deliver them for distribution to China Tobacco's distribution chain. The smaller local factories pay a sort of tax to China Tobacco, but keep much of their profit. In turn, retail distributors buy cigarettes from China Tobacco, and the profits realized from those sales is in turn taxed by the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration.[citation needed]
China Tobacco is among the state entities which contribute to the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, which was established in an effort to decrease China's reliance on foreign semiconductor companies.[7]: 274 The fund was established in 2014.[7]: 274
Regulation
editAdvertising in print, radio, and television has been banned in China, and outdoor ads require prior approval provided they are not in one of nearly 100 local jurisdictions where outdoor tobacco ads are banned. These restrictions have forced China National into a strategy that harkens back to the 60's and 70's in the United States; with "cigarette girls", attractive women dressed in brand logos, handing out samples, lighters, and promotional material in front of clubs and bars. Another form of circumvention is printing outdoor advertisements in the name of another entity, the latter's name being clearly printed on the material. For example, the Hongtashan brand mentioned above has recently published their new climbing-themed advertisements through a Hongtashan Climbing Club.
Brands
editChina Tobacco, like many other tobacco companies, produces a plethora of brands – over 900, the largest of which, Hongtashan (Red Pagoda Hill), accounts for only 4% of total sales.[citation needed] China tobacco also markets premium brands, notably Chunghwa. Despite the existence of such premium brands premium cigarettes are uncommon in rural areas.
Trends in cigarette buying have not been lost of China either. In recent years several varieties of cigarettes targeted at women have been released (breaking a longstanding taboo). Varieties common internationally are just as common in China: Unfiltered, Filters, Lights, Ultra Lights, 100's, and 120's are all available in a variety of brands.
Foreign brands are to this day not unknown in China, since their introduction with the advent on China Tobacco and the STMA. Marlboro, 234 [id], Camel, Kool, Lucky Strike, 555, and a variety of other brands can all be found throughout major cities in China. However, while these cigarette brands are marketed as premium brands outside of China, within China these cigarettes are made locally under license or joint venture. Foreign sales make up only 3 percent of the Chinese market, yet accounts for 51 billion cigarettes every year.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "中国政府网服务频道 烟草局". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
- ^ "为什么要实行烟草专卖制度？". www.tobaccochina.com. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
- ^ a b c d e McLure, James; Chan, Jude; Zou, Manyun; Giesen, Christoph (13 September 2023). "How China became addicted to its tobacco monopoly". The Examination. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ Todd, Anne, "Turning Over a New Leaf" Archived 2007-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, USDA Rural Development, January 2007. Report on Tobacco Production in China.
- ^ "China Tobacco Overview". STMA & CNTC.
- ^ Martin, Andrew, "The Chinese Government Is Getting Rich Selling Cigarettes", Bloomberg Businessweek, December 11, 2014.
- ^ a b Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
Further reading
edit- Barnett, Ross, Tingzhong Yang, and Xiaozhao Y. Yang, eds. Smoking Environments in China: Challenges for Tobacco Control (Springer Nature, 2021).
- Barnett, Ross, and Sihui Peng. "The Rise of China Tobacco: From Local to Global Player." in Smoking Environments in China: Challenges for Tobacco Control (2021): 69–110.
- Benedict, Carol (2011). Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 1550–2010. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94856-3. online
- Fang, Jennifer, Kelley Lee, and Nidhi Sejpal. "The China national tobacco corporation: from domestic to global dragon?" Global Public Health 12.3 (2017): 315–334.
