Papilio bianor, also known as the common peacock, Chinese peacock black swallowtail emerald[1] or Chinese peacock or bianor's emperor machaon - is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, the swallowtails.[2] It is native to Continental Asia.[3] It is the state butterfly of the Indian state of Uttarakhand.[4][5]
| Papilio bianor | |
|---|---|
| |
| Dorsal view | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Papilionidae |
| Genus: | Papilio |
| Species: | P. bianor
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| Binomial name | |
| Papilio bianor Cramer, 1777
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| Synonyms | |
|
Papilio polyctor | |
Description
editThis species is variable in size. Individuals emerged in the spring reach 4 to 8 centimeters wide, while those emerged in the summer can reach 12 centimeters.[1] The forewings are black with dark veining and green scales. The undersides are brown, turning white distally with dark veining. The hindwings are tailed and have ridged edges containing reddish eyespots. The body is black with green scales.[3]
The male has black hair on the forewings, which the female lacks.[1]
Subspecies
editThere are many subspecies.[3]
- P. b. okinawensis (Yaeyama islands, Okinawa, Japan)
- P. b. ryukyuensis (Okinawa islands, Japan)
- P. b. amamiensis (Amami islands, Kagoshima, Japan)
- P. b. tokaraensis (Tokara islands, Kagoshima, Japan)
- P. b. hachijonis (Hachijo island, Izu islands, Japan)
- P. b. kotoensis Sonan, 1927 (Taiwan)
- P. b. thrasymedes Fruhstorfer 1909 (Taiwan)
- P. b. polyctor Boisduval, 1836
- P. b. ganesa Doubleday, 1842 (Sikkim, Assam, N.Vietnam, Yunnan)
- P. b. gladiator Fruhstorfer, 1902
Biology
editThis species can be found in forests and other wooded areas. It can occur in suburban and urban areas if appropriate host plants are available.[1]
Food plants include species of citrus, prickly ash, cork trees, trifoliate orange, rue, and Japanese skimmia.[3]
Using the species as a model to investigate the iridescent colour evolution, phylogeography, and the evolution of swallowtail butterflies a chromosome scale genome has been sequenced, the final assembly being 421.52 Mb in size, with 15,375 protein-coding genes and 30 chromosomes (29 autosomes and 1 Z sex chromosome).[6] Phylogenetic analysis of this data indicating that P. bianor separated from a common ancestor of swallowtails ~23.69–36.04 million years ago.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Perveen F, Khan A, Sikander (2014). "Characteristics of butterfly (Lepidoptera) fauna from Kabal, Swat. Pakistan" (PDF). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2 (1): 56–69.
- ^ Dong Y, Zhu LX, Wu YF, Wu XB (December 2013). "The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese peacock, Papilio bianor (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)". Mitochondrial DNA. 24 (6): 636–8. doi:10.3109/19401736.2013.772161. PMID 23442187. S2CID 1611016.
- ^ a b c d "Papilio bianor". butterflycorner.net.
- ^ "Common Peacock Male Papilio Bianor Polyctor". Devalsari Environment Protection & Technology Development Society. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
- ^ Sharma N (18 November 2016). "Uttarakhand to declare 'Common Peacock' as state butterfly". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- ^ Lu S, Yang J, Dai X, Xie F, He J, Dong Z, et al. (November 2019). "Chromosomal-level reference genome of Chinese peacock butterfly (Papilio bianor) based on third-generation DNA sequencing and Hi-C analysis". GigaScience. 8 (11). doi:10.1093/gigascience/giz128. PMC 6827417. PMID 31682256.
Further reading
edit- Bauer E, Frankenbach T (1998). "Part 1: Papilionidae". Schmetterlinge der Erde [Butterflies of the World] (in German). Keltern: Goecke & Evers, Canterbury: Hillside Books. ISBN 978-3-931374-62-4.
- Igarashi S, Fukuda H (1997). The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Tokai University Press.
- Moriue N, Hayashi M (2007). The Handbook of Insects and their Host Plants. Bun-ichi Sougou Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-8299-0026-0.
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