Wikipedia

Chinese passport

(Redirected from Chinese passports)
For passports issued by the Republic of China, see Taiwan passport. For passports issued to Chinese nationals who are permanent residents of Macau or Hong Kong, see Macao Special Administrative Region passport and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport.

The People's Republic of China passport[a] (commonly referred to as the Chinese passport)[b] is a passport issued to citizens of the People's Republic of China for the purpose of international travel, and entitles its bearer to the protection of China's consular officials overseas.

People's Republic of China passport
中华人民共和国护照
Front cover of the current Chinese passport (with chip ), issued since May 2012
Personal data page of the current Chinese biometric passport
TypePassport
Issued byNational Immigration Administration
First issued1949
PurposeIdentification
EligibilityChinese nationals with Hukou residing in Mainland China, or Chinese nationals residing abroad who do not qualify for travel documents issued by Hong Kong SAR or Macau SAR.[1]
Chinese nationals who are permanent residents of Macau or Permanent residents of Hong Kong are eligible for a MSAR passport or HKSAR passport instead.
Expiration10 years after acquisition for adults aged 16 or over, 5 for children or non-ordinary passport
3 months for single group travel[2]
Cost¥120 for both first passport and renewed passport

On 1 July 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a trial issuance of e-passports for individuals conducting public affairs work overseas on behalf of the Chinese government.[3][4] The face, fingerprints, and other biometric features of the passport holder is digitized and stored in pre-installed contactless smart chip,[5][6] along with "the passport owner's name, sex and personal photo as well as the passport's term of validity and [the] digital certificate of the chip".[7] Ordinary biometric passports were introduced by the Ministry of Public Security on 15 May 2012.[8] As of January 2015, all new passports issued by China are biometric e-passports, and non-biometric passports are no longer issued.[7]

In 2012, over 38 million Chinese citizens held ordinary passports, comprising only 2.86 percent of the total population at the time.[9] In 2014, China issued 16 million passports, ranking first in the world, surpassing the United States (14 million) and India (10 million).[10] The number of ordinary passports in circulation rose to 120 million by October 2016, which was approximately 8.7 percent of the population.[11] As of April 2017 to date, China had issued over 100 million biometric ordinary passports.[12]

Overview and contents

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Types

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Articles 3, 4, 5 and 8 of the Passport Law of the People's Republic of China, which went into effect in 2007, declares three types of passports issued in China:[13]

  • Ordinary passports (普通护照) are issued to citizens who intend to go abroad for non-official purposes, such as taking up residence in other countries, visiting relatives, studying, working, travelling or engaging in business activities. They are issued by the Exit & Entry Administration of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS), the foreign missions of the People's Republic of China, or other missions overseas authorized to do so by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  • Diplomatic passports (外交护照) are issued to diplomats, consuls and their spouses or children who are minor, as well as to diplomatic couriers. They are issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA).
  • Service passports (公务护照) are issued to employees who are dispatched by the Chinese government to work for Chinese foreign missions, the United Nations or its special commissions, or other international organizations, as well as their spouses or minor children. They are issued by the MFA, foreign missions of the People's Republic of China, other missions overseas authorized by the MFA, or the Foreign Affairs Offices under the governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts authorized by the MFA.
    • A special variation of the service passport, called the Passport for Public Affairs (Chinese: 公务普通护照; lit. 'ordinary service passport'), is issued to public servants who "lead divisions or equivalents" of county or state-owned companies, and employees of state-controlled companies.[14]

Article 9 of the Law states that the "issuing scope of diplomatic passports and service passports, the measures for issue of such passports, their terms of validity and the specific categories of service passports shall be prescribed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs".

The ordinary passport is considered a passport "for private affairs" (因私护照), while service (including for public affairs passports) and diplomatic passports are passports "for public affairs" (因公护照).[15]

The passports for Macau and Hong Kong SARs are issued and regulated by the governments of these regions, and are therefore not covered by this law.

In July 2011 the Chinese government began to issue biometric diplomatic passports, service passports and passports for public affairs.[14] The launch date of biometric ordinary passports was May 15, 2012.

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    Diplomatic e-passport
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    Service e-passport
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    Public Affairs e-passport
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    Ordinary e-passport

Passport for public affairs

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A different passport for public affairs (Chinese: 因公普通护照; lit. 'ordinary passport for public affairs') was issued until 2006. Unlike the current version, it was classified as a variation of ordinary passport. The abuse of the use of document resulted in its subsequent cancellation. Unlike other passports, it was issued by the provincial or municipal Foreign Affairs Offices, rather than the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the Ministry of Public Security.[16] Chinese ordinary passport for public affairs was used at the end of the 1980s and the 1990s. The passport information was written by hand, and these ordinary passports were usually valid for 2 or 5 years.

 
The front personal-information data page of a Chinese passport for public affairs issued in 1990

In 1996, 77% of persons exiting China held a passport for public affairs.[17] The rate had dropped to 39% by 2002.[18] The reason for the high rate of usage was because the passport for public affairs offered more visa-free countries, such as Russia, than the ordinary passport.[16] Chinese regulations require public affairs passports to be kept in the possession of the holder's work unit,[19] and they must be surrendered by the individual within one month of returning to China.[20]

Validity

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The passport previously had an across-the-board 5-year period of validity. Since 2007, ordinary passports are valid for 10 years for bearers above 16 years of age, and for 5 years for bearers below 16 years of age, and diplomatic or service passports are valid for 4 years. According to the 2006 Passport Law of the People's Republic of China, renewal of previously issued passports ended on January 1, 2007. However, passports renewed before 2007 remained valid until expiry.

Format

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The newest version of the regular Chinese passport is the biometric version, which replaced its predecessors "Form 92", "Form 97-1" and "Form 97-2", but Form "97-2" passport is still being issued for single group tourism to Russia in some Sino-Russia broder cities and valid for only 3 months or after returning to China.[2] It was released to the general public in May 2012. The passport contains 48 pages.

Ordinary Passport - Inside

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Version "1982"
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The Form "1982" ordinary Chinese passport is a hand-written passport and issued in 1982. Chinese, French and English are used in all pages.

Version "1992"
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The Form "1992" ordinary Chinese passport is not a machine-readable passport, and issued in 1992.

Version "1997-1"
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Version "1997-2"
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  •  
    Biodata page of the Form "97-2" PRC Ordinary Passport
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    The note page and biodata page of the version "97-2" passport for single travel since 2019

The Form "97-2" ordinary Chinese passport is a machine-readable passport, and issued in February 1997. In "97-2", personal data is on the inside front cover along with a coloured photo printed with inkjet printer, with a protective film covering most of the data page. Details include:

  • Passport code (P)
  • Country Code (CHN)
  • Passport number (G########) - consists of one letter indicating passport type (G = ordinary), followed by eight digits
  • Surname
  • Given Names
  • Sex (M/F)
  • Date of birth (DD.MMM.YYYY)
  • Date of issue (DD.MMM.YYYY)
  • Place of birth (Province, or city/province/state if born abroad)
  • Place of issue (Province, or city/province/state of diplomatic/consular authority if issued abroad)
  • Date of expiry (DD.MMM.YYYY)
  • Authority ("National Immigration Administration, PRC" for single travel or "Exit & Entry Administration, Ministry of Public Security" or the Chinese diplomatic and consular mission)
  • Machine Readable Code
Biometric passport
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Inside page of a PRC Ordinary E-Passport, 2012 version
 
Inside page of a PRC Ordinary E-Passport, 2019 version

In the biometric Passport, the personal data page was moved to a separate sheet of paper, and the design of personal data page has been amended significantly, adding the full name of PRC in Simplified Chinese and English on top along with an e-passport symbol printed with optically variable ink. New security features include a second ghost image of the holder and additional holographic graphs including the PRC emblem and the laser-printed world map. The details included are as follows:

  • Passport code (P)
  • Country Code (CHN)
  • Passport number (E########) - consists of one letter indicating passport type (E = e-passport), followed by eight digits. As of April 2017, over 100 million ordinary biometric passports had been issued and old E+8 digits type passport numbers had been used up. So the number format has been extended by using the second digit and replacing it with the English letters in order (except I, O) the third digit is still Arabic numerals, and the total number of digits is still 9. New passport numbers started with EA0000001 (two letters with seven digits).[12]
  • Name (Chinese characters on top, Pinyin transcription on bottom, a comma separates surname and given names in Pinyin only)
  • Sex (M/F)
  • Nationality (Chinese)
  • Date of birth (DD.MMM.YYYY)
  • Place of birth (Province with romanized transcription, or the country code if born abroad, along with Chinese abbreviation of the country)
  • Date of issue (DD.MMM.YYYY, month is transcribed into Arabic numerals)
  • Place of issue (Province, or city of diplomatic/consular authority if issued abroad)
  • Date of expiry (DD.MMM.YYYY, month is transcribed into Arabic numerals)
  • Authority ("National Immigration Administration, PRC" or the full name of the Chinese diplomatic/consular authority, if issuing in mainland China before June 2019 it may be "MPS Exit & Entry Administration"[21][22])
  • Bearer's signature
  • Machine Readable Code

Languages

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All information is printed in Simplified Chinese and English, except for the "Attentions" page, which is only printed in Simplified Chinese.

Passport Note

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Anti-counterfeiting design in note page glows under black light
  • In Chinese

中华人民共和国外交部请各国军政机关对持照人予以通行的便利和必要的协助。

  • In English

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China requests all civil and military authorities of foreign countries to allow the bearer of this passport to pass freely and afford assistance in case of need.

  • In French (On version 82 only)

Le Ministère des Affaires étrangères de la République populaire de Chine prie les autorités civiles et militaires des pays étrangers de laisser passer librement le titulaire de ce passeport et de lui prêter aide et assistance en cas de besoin.

If the passport is for single travel, a valid notice will printed in Simplified Chinese and English on this page.

On version "97-1" and "97-2", it is on page 1. On the biometric version, it is moved to page 3.

Inner pages

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Transparent pattern on page 26 under black light
 
Page 42 Xinjiang Page 43 Taiwan
 
Page 44 Hong Kong SAR and Page 45 Macau SAR
 
Page 24 and 25: Great wall and Map of China (including Taiwan and the nine-dash line)

In the biometric version, selected nature hotspots and famous sights of mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are printed in the inner pages, each page also contains a transparent watermark of another nature hotspots and famous sights in the same area.

Page Division Pattern Transparent Pattern
8-9 Map of China
Tian'anmen Square		 Tian'anmen Square
10 Beijing City Forbidden City Summer Palace
11 Tianjin City Hai River Binhai New Area
12 Hebei Province Shanhai Pass Laolongtou Great Wall
13 Shanxi Province Hukou Waterfall Pingyao Ancient City
14 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Prairie of Hulunbuir Yurt
15 Liaoning Province Xinghai Square Industrial Base
16 Jilin Province Hard rime Houses of Jilin
17 Heilongjiang Province Sun Island Flood Control Monument
18 Shanghai City Lujiazui The Bund
19 Jiangsu Province Classical Gardens of Suzhou Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Master of the Nets Garden
20 Zhejiang Province Three Ponds Mirroring the Moon of West Lake Distant view of West Lake
21 Anhui Province Huangshan Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui
22 Fujian Province Wuyi Mountains Fujian Tulou
23 Jiangxi Province Jinggang Mountains Mount Lu
24-25 Great Wall of China
26 Shandong Province Shibapan of Mount Tai Rock inscriptions at Mount Tai
27 Henan Province Longmen Grottoes Shaolin Monastery
28 Hubei Province Three Gorges Dam Wudang Mountains
29 Hunan Province Zhangjiajie Fenghuang Ancient City
30 Guangdong Province Mount Danxia The Five Rams sculpture
31 Guangxi Autonomous Region Elephant Trunk Hill Guilin Scenery
32 Hainan Province Coconut Grove Tianya Haijiao
33 Chongqing City Kuimen Chaotianmen
34 Sichuan Province Dujiangyan irrigation system Mount Qingcheng
35 Guizhou Province Huangguoshu Waterfall Miao Village
36 Yunnan Province Stone Forest Old Town of Lijiang
37 Tibet Autonomous Region Potala Palace Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon
38 Shaanxi Province Terracotta Army Pagoda Hill
39 Gansu Province Mogao Caves Crescent Lake
40 Qinghai Province Qinghai–Tibet Railway Kumbum Monastery
41 Ningxia Autonomous Region Shahu Western Xia tombs
42 Xinjiang Autonomous Region Silk Road Desert and dunes
43 Taiwan Province Sun Moon Lake Qingshui Cliff
44 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Victoria Harbour
45 Macau Special Administrative Region Sai Van Bridge Ruins of St. Paul's
46 Beijing City Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests of Temple of Heaven Circular Mound Altar of Temple of Heaven

Last page

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The note on the last page

The last page has the notes for the passport. For e-passport, inside the backcover, a caution for the biometric chip is written in both Chinese and English:

本护照内置敏感电子元件。为保持最佳性能，请不要将护照折弯、打孔或者暴露在极端温湿度环境。
This passport contains sensitive electronics. For best performance, please do not bend, perforate or expose to extreme temperatures or excess moisture.
  请勿在此盖印 DO NOT STAMP HERE

Fee and processing time

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The fee for a Chinese passport is CNY 120. When applying for a passport overseas, the fee is US$25 or €20. No extra fees are charged for expedited processing if approved.[23]

Normal processing time is 10 business days when applying from mainland China, and 15 business days from Chinese diplomatic missions outside mainland China (including Hong Kong and Macau). In some Regions, processing time is 7 business days such as Shanghai City if application was submitted electronically (online or by cell phone APPs such as WeChat).[24] Expedited processing is available for 5 business days, but is only available if the applicants have genuine emergencies, such as they have deceased relatives abroad, their first day of school is near, or they have unused visas in old passports that are expiring soon.[25]

Special administrative region passports

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Main articles: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passport and Macao Special Administrative Region passport

Chinese citizens who are also permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macau Special Administrative Regions of China are issued Hong Kong or Macau SAR passports by the respective immigration departments of the two SARs. In Hong Kong, Hong Kong Immigration Department takes charge of issuing passports. In Macau, Identification Services Bureau does the same role. The SAR passports and travel documents are issued solely by the government of the SARs, and the designs differ from that of the regular mainland passport, albeit all three passports bear the same country and nationality code, CHN, meaning that the bearer holds the People's Republic of China nationality, as well as the message from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China.

Some countries like the United Kingdom and Canada classify Chinese citizens with SAR passports as Hong Kong citizens or Macau citizens for visa issuing purpose, other than the ordinary Chinese citizens classifications. Holders of SAR passports enjoy visa-free entry to many more countries than holders of regular PRC passports.

While the SAR passports and travel documents are endorsed by China, mainland ports of entry controlled by the Ministry of Public Security do not accept those documents for entrance into mainland China as both the Mainland and the two SARs are within the same country. MPS requires SAR residents of Chinese nationality to use a Home Return Permit or Chinese Travel Document for SAR residents residing overseas. Also, SAR passports are not required when travelling between two SARs, but residents should bring their permanent residence IDs.

Chinese citizens who are not permanent residents of Hong Kong AND are without household registration in mainland China are issued Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes, and of Macau Macao Special Administrative Region Travel Permit or Visit Permit for Resident of Macao to HKSAR.

Non-passport travel documents

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The following travel documents are also issued by mainland China to Chinese citizens who may or may not qualify for a Chinese passport for various reasons:

Chinese Travel Document

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Main article: Chinese Travel Document

The People's Republic of China Travel Document (Chinese: 中华人民共和国旅行证) is a type of travel document issued by Chinese embassies, consulates, and other foreign offices to Chinese citizens for their international travel to China and other countries. The bearer of the Travel Document is legally defined a Chinese citizen in accordance with the Nationality Law.

The Travel Document is issued to Chinese nationals in situations when it is inconvenient or unnecessary to be issued a People's Republic of China passport.[26] For example,

  • if a Chinese citizen abroad does not possess a valid Chinese passport and is too late to apply for a valid Chinese passport due to urgent travel plans, Chinese diplomatic missions abroad can issue Chinese Travel Document (often within a few days of application) as an emergency travel document to travel to China and other countries;
  • if a Chinese citizen resident of Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan is abroad and does not have valid permits to enter mainland China, he or she can be issued a Chinese Travel Document to travel to mainland China.

Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau

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Main article: Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau

The Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau, also known as the Two-way Permit, is issued to Chinese citizens with hukou who only wish to visit Hong Kong and Macau.

Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao

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Main article: People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao

The Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao, also known as the One-way Permit, is issued to Chinese citizens who are settling in Hong Kong or Macau and have relinquished their Chinese residency (hukou). After their initial entry to Hong Kong or Macau, they are considered as SAR residents and are permanently ineligible for an ordinary Chinese passport, and later they will be eligible for SAR passports if they acquire a permanent resident status in the respective SARs.

Travel Permit to and from Taiwan

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The Travel Permit to and from Taiwan, colloquially known as Mainland Compatriot Permit or Mainland Resident Travel Permit, is issued to Chinese citizens with hukou in Mainland China by Ministry of Public Security, to those who wish to travel directly between mainland China and Taiwan. Holders of the permit are required to obtain exit endorsements issued by MPS and Exit and Entry Permit issued by Taiwanese authorities prior to traveling. This permit as well as a valid exit endorsement (except for Group Tourist Endorsement) is still required even if only transiting through Taiwan without leaving the sterile area of the airport when departing from airports of mainland China except for Chongqing, Nanchang, or Kunming. Exit and Entry Permit is not required, however, when not leaving the sterile area of Taoyuan Airport on transit to the third place regardless of the city of departure.

Self-Service Immigration System (e-Channel)

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Holders of Chinese biometric Passports are eligible to use the Self-Service Immigration System, or e-Channel. E-Channel are located throughout numerous international airports in mainland China (including these top 10 busiest international gateways: Beijing Capital International Airport, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and Chengdu Tianfu International Airport) as well as land border crossing checkpoints in Shenzhen and Zhuhai. e-Channel was first introduced for self-entry, i.e. for Chinese biometric passport holders return to China from Outside destinations. In order to use the e-Channel, they must hold biometric passports with their fingerprint data pre-recorded on the biometric chip. If their biometric passports do not contain fingerprint data, they must first register with China Immigration Inspection (CII) at land border checkpoints or international airports to be eligible.[27]

Starting from August 19, 2016, passengers are able to use the e-Gates in terminal 2 of Beijing Capital International Airport to complete exit procedures from China as well.[28]

Starting from Dec 1, 2017, Shanghai international airports including PVG and SHA both have e-Channel for exit.[29]

Eligibility

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The extended list of eligible travelers is:[30][28]

Registration with CII not required:

  • Holders of biometric passports that contain fingerprint data;
  • Holders of the new biometric Two-way Permits with valid entry endorsements that contain fingerprint data.

Registration with CII required:

  • Holders of the booklet-style Two-way Permits with multiple-entry endorsements;
  • Holders of Travel Permit to and from Taiwan for Mainland Residents booklet with multiple-exit endorsements;
  • Holders of Exit and Entry Permits that are valid for one year and multiple entries (only for the specific port of entry that they have registered with);
  • Holders of Home Return Permits;
  • Holders of Taiwan Compatriot Permits;
  • Foreign nationals with their passports and Chinese Permanent Resident cards;
  • Foreign nationals with their biometric passports and residence permits with a validity of more than 6 months; and
  • Flight crew members serving scheduled flights who are either Chinese or visa-exempt nationals, or non-visa-exempt nationals holding crew or work visas or residence permits that are valid for at least 1 year.

Visa requirements

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Main article: Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
See also: Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong and Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau
 
Visa requirements map for Chinese citizens with an ordinary Chinese passport
  Mainland China
  Entry–Exit Permit for Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR required
  Visa not required
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa required in advance
  Visa can be issued, but tourism admission highly possibly refused
  Tourism admission restricted

Visa requirements for Chinese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the People's Republic of China. According to the 1 January 2018 Henley visa restrictions index, holders of a Chinese passport are granted visa free or visa on arrival access to 85 countries and territories, ranking the Chinese passport 62th in the world, data updated in 2024. The latest visa exemption is granted by Kiribati Ministry of Foreign Affairs to all Chinese citizen for tourism purpose. [31][32] Chinese passport is also the highest-ranked passport among Communist states. After Covid travel restriction was lifted, the resume of free-to-travel is on high demand as well as align to government's economic boosting strategy; Passport offices are also introducing new mobile-app allow hassle-free passport application or renew, together with video-call and facial recognition techniques to enable this service 24/7. According to Henley's report, Chinese Passport is the front runner for visa-free travel ranking among all countries. The Electronic Visa Update System (EVUS) is introduced in 2016 for Chinese passport holder who hold a valid 10-year B1, B2, or B1/B2 visa to travel to the United States.[33]

Travel to and from Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan

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Issued to Chinese citizens with Hukou or Chinese citizens not qualified for SAR-issued travel documents, Chinese passports cannot normally be used when travelling directly to Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan from mainland China.

 
a Hong Kong Entry Permit issued by the Chinese consulate in Los Angeles pasted on a Chinese passport

In order for such Chinese citizens to travel from mainland China to Hong Kong and Macau, a Two-way Permit is required. Chinese foreign missions, however, do issue visa-like Hong Kong SAR Entry Permits for up to 14 days to Chinese citizens residing outside mainland China upon request, so PRC passport holders can travel solely between Hong Kong and Mainland with passports. Chinese passports can be used when transiting through Hong Kong or Macau to other countries and can enter Hong Kong or Macau for 7 days without a visa.

Travelling to Taiwan from mainland China requires the Travel Permit to and from Taiwan as well as Exit and Entry Permit issued by the Taiwanese government. Although Chinese passports are accepted as valid travel documents by the National Immigration Agency (NIA) and Taiwanese diplomatic missions,[34] the NIA does not allow Chinese citizens with hukou to travel to Taiwan when departing from mainland China unless holding the Mainland Resident Travel Permit with valid exit endorsement.

Cross border travel statistics

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These are the numbers of mainland Chinese visitors to various countries or territories:

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  2. ^ a b Data for arrivals by air only.
  3. ^ a b c Including Hong Kong.
  4. ^ Tourists only.
  5. ^ Including Hong Kong and Macau.
  6. ^ Data for arrivals by air only.
  7. ^ Total number includes tourists, business people, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of non-immigrant admissions (I-94).
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    A passport issued by the Great Qing government in 1854.
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    A passport issued by the Great Qing government in 1898.
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    A Republic of China passport booklet issued during the Beiyang-era in the 1920s.
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    A Republic of China passport issued in 1939.
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    A Republic of China passport issued in 1946.
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    1955 (left) and 1951 (right) versions of the PRC passport.
  •  
    Type "55" diplomatic passport
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    Type "82" diplomatic passport
  •  
    A Type "82" passport issued from early 80s to 1992
  •  
    1992 version of diplomatic passport
  •  
    Cover of Type "92" passport, issued until early 2000s
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    Type "97-1" passport, issued from 2000 to early 2007
  •  
    1997 version of diplomatic passport
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    1997 version of public affairs passport
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    1997 version of service passport
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    Type "97-2" passport, issued from early 2007 to May 2012
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    The old passport for public affairs, issued before 2007
  •  
    Biometric passport, issued since May 2012

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Chinese: 中华人民共和国护照; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó hùzhào
  2. ^ Chinese: 中国护照; pinyin: Zhōngguó hùzhào

References

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  1. ^ Article 13 of the Chinese passport law
  2. ^ a b "《中俄边境旅游暂行管理实施细则》". www.aihui.gov.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  3. ^ 中华人民共和国外交部公告 (in Chinese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  4. ^ "China: Procedure and requirements to obtain a biometric passport,..." Canada. Immigration and Refugee Board. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019 – via UNHCR.
  5. ^ "Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Attends the Launch Ceremony for the Trial Issuance of E-Passports for Public Affairs". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  6. ^ "因公电子护照31日试点签发 可使持照人快速通关". 中国网. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Responses to Information Requests: CHN105049.E China: Information on electronic/biometric passports,..." (PDF). Canada. Immigration and Refugee Board. 22 September 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  8. ^ "Chinese passports to get chipped". China Daily USA. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  9. ^ "3800万中国公民持有普通护照 电子护照正式签发启用". Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  10. ^ "India ranks third in issuing passports". Times of India. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  11. ^ "国务院关于出境入境管理法执行情况的报告". Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  12. ^ a b "4月全国启用新号段电子普通护照 你拿到新护照了吗 - 爱旅行网". www.ailvxing.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
  13. ^ "Passport Law of the People's Republic of China". www.china-embassy.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  14. ^ a b "护照简介（图文版）". cs.mfa.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ a b "中国护照遭遇国际尴尬 因公护照将退出历史舞台". news.sohu.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  17. ^ China Daily, 24 January 1997
  18. ^ 2002 National Economic and Social Development Statistics National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China 28 February 2003
  19. ^ China Weighs Passport Reform Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Beijing Youth Daily 2 April 2002
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