Wikipedia

Poutine

(Redirected from Chips, cheese and gravy)
This article is about the dish of french fries, cheese curds and gravy. For the Acadian dish of boiled potato dumplings, see Poutine râpée. For the president of Russia, see Vladimir Putin.

Poutine (Quebec French: [puˈt͡sɪn] ⓘ) is a dish of french fries and cheese curds topped with a brown gravy. It emerged in Quebec in the late 1950s in the Centre-du-Québec region, though its exact origins are uncertain, and there are several competing claims regarding its invention. For many years, it was used by some to mock Quebec society.[1] Poutine later became celebrated as a symbol of Québécois culture and the province of Quebec. It has long been associated with Quebec cuisine, and its rise in prominence has led to its growing popularity throughout the rest of Canada.

Poutine
A serving of poutine from Montreal, Quebec
CourseMain course or side dish
Place of originCanada
Region or stateQuebec
Created byMany claims
InventedLate 1950s
Main ingredientsFrench fries, gravy, cheese curds

Annual poutine celebrations occur in Montreal, Quebec City, and Drummondville, as well as Toronto, Ottawa, New Hampshire, and Chicago. It has been called Canada's national dish, though some critics believe this labelling represents cultural appropriation of the Québécois or Quebec's national identity.[1][2] Many variations on the original recipe are popular, leading some to suggest that poutine has emerged as a new dish classification in its own right, as with sandwiches or dumplings.[1]

History

edit

Origins

edit

The dish was created in the Centre-du-Québec area in the late 1950s.[1][3]: 12–31  Several restaurants in the area claim to be the originators of the dish, but no consensus exists.[3]: 12–31 [4][5]

  • Le Lutin qui rit, Warwick – Restaurateur Fernand Lachance of Le Café Idéal (later Le Lutin qui rit[6]), is said to have exclaimed in 1957, "ça va faire une maudite poutine!" (English: "It will make a damn mess!") when asked by a regular to put a handful of cheese curds in a take-out bag of french fries.[7][8][9][10] The dish "poutine" appears on the establishment's 1957 menu.[11] Lachance served this on a plate, and beginning in 1962 added hot gravy to keep it warm.[10][4]
  •  
    Le Roy Jucep in 2018
    Le Roy Jucep, Drummondville – This drive-in restaurant served french fries with gravy, to which some customers would add a side order of cheese curds.[4] Owner Jean-Paul Roy began serving the combination in 1958 and added it to the menu in 1964 as "fromage-patate-sauce".[4][6] Felt to be too long a name, this was later changed to poutine for a cook nicknamed "Ti-Pout" and a slang word for "pudding".[a][4][5][11] The restaurant displays a copyright registration certificate, issued by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office, which alludes to Roy having invented poutine.[11]
  • La Petite Vache, Princeville – Customers would mix cheese curds with their fries, a combination which was added to the menu. One option included gravy and was called the "Mixte".[4]

According to Canadian food researcher Sylvain Charlebois, while Warwick is the birthplace of poutine, Drummondville's Jean-Paul Roy is the true inventor since le Roy Jucep was the first to sell poutine with three combined ingredients, in 1964.[12] The Oxford Companion to Cheese takes a different perspective, stating that the inventors were not chefs but the customers who chose to add cheese curds to their fries.[6]

Development

edit

Poutine was consumed in small "greasy spoon" diners (commonly known in Quebec as cantines or casse-croûtes), pubs, at roadside chip wagons (commonly known as cabanes à patates, literally "potato shacks"), and in ice hockey arenas.[1] For decades, it remained a country snack food in Quebec's dairy region, due to the narrow freshness window of cheddar cheese curds.[10][13] In 1969, poutine was brought to Quebec City in Ashton Leblond's food truck (a business which grew into the Chez Ashton fast-food chain).[14] In the early 1970s, La Banquise began serving poutine in Montreal,[15] followed by the Burger King chain in 1983. Others that followed used inferior cheese and the dish's reputation declined. Poutine was largely perceived as an unsophisticated backwoods creation or unhealthy junk food[16][10] to be consumed after a night of drinking.[17]

Montreal chefs would make poutine to feed their staff but had not dared to put it on their menus. In the 1990s, attempts were made to elevate the dish by using baked potatoes and duck stock. In November 2001, Martin Picard of bistro Au Pied de Cochon began serving a foie gras poutine which was praised by customers and food critics.[18] This influenced chefs in Toronto and Vancouver to feature poutine on upscale menus.[19] Chef Mark McEwan served lobster poutine at his Bymark eatery, and chef Jamie Kennedy served braised beef poutine at his eponymous restaurant.[20] Over the next decade, poutine gained acceptance and popularity in all types of restaurants, from haute cuisine to fast food, and spread across Canada and internationally.[1]

Etymology

edit

The Dictionnaire historique du français québécois lists 15 meanings of poutine in Québécois and Acadian French, most of which are for kinds of food; the word poutine in the meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" is dated to 1982 in English.[21] Other senses of the word have been in use since at least 1810.[22]

According to Merriam-Webster, a popular etymology is that poutine is from a Québécois slang word meaning "mess", and that others attribute it to the English word pudding. The exact provenance of the word poutine is uncertain.[21]

The Dictionnaire historique mentions the possibility that the form poutine is simply a gallicization of the word pudding. However, it considers it more likely that it was inherited from regional languages spoken in France, and that some of its meanings resulted from the later influence of the similar-sounding English word pudding. It cites the Provençal forms poutingo "bad stew" and poutité "hodgepodge" or "crushed fruit or foods"; poutringo "mixture of various things" in Languedocien; and poutringue or potringa "bad stew" in Franche-Comté as possibly related to poutine. The meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" of poutine is among those held as probably unrelated to pudding, provided the latter view is correct.[22]

Recipe

edit
 
La Banquise, a poutinerie in Montreal, serves more than thirty varieties of poutine.[15]

The traditional recipe for poutine consists of:

  • French fries: These are usually of medium thickness and fried (sometimes twice) such that the inside stays soft, while the outside is crispy.[23]
  • Cheese curds: Fresh cheese curds are used to give the desired texture. The curd size varies, as does the amount used.[24]
  • Brown gravy: Traditionally, it is a light and thin beef or chicken gravy,[23][6] somewhat salty and mildly spiced with a hint of pepper;[15] or a sauce brune,[13] which is a combination of chicken and beef stock.[23][8] Poutine sauces (French: mélange à sauce poutine) are sold in Quebec, Ontario, and Maritime grocery stores in jars or cans and in powdered mix packets; some grocery chains offer their own house-brand versions. Many stores and restaurants also offer vegetarian gravy.[25][b]

To maintain the texture of the fries, the cheese curds and gravy are added immediately before serving the dish. The hot gravy is usually poured over room-temperature cheese curds, so they are warmed without melting completely.[15] The thin gravy allows all the fries to be coated.[23] The serving dish typically has some depth to act as a basket for the fries so that they retain their heat.[27]: 195  It is important to control the temperature, timing, and the order in which the ingredients are added to obtain the right food textures—an essential part of the experience of eating poutine.[1]

Freshness and juiciness of the curds is essential. Air and moisture seep out of the curds over time, altering their acidity level. This causes proteins to lose their elasticity, and the curds to lose their complex texture and characteristic squeaky[c] sound when chewed.[24] The curds should be less than a day old, which requires proximity to a dairy.[13] While Montreal is 60 kilometres (37 mi) from a cheese plant in Mirabel, restaurants and specialty cheese shops outside of dairy regions may be unable to sell enough curds to justify the expense of daily deliveries. Furthermore, Canadian food safety practices require curds to be refrigerated within 24 hours, which suppresses the properties of their texture.[24] This has resulted in poutineries which specialize in the dish; busy poutineries may use 100 kilograms (220 lb) of curds per day.[15] Poutineries which are too distant from dairies may make their own cheese curds on site, in batches every few hours, to ensure a fresh and steady supply.[10]

Variations

edit
 
Poutine made with thick beef gravy on french-fried potatoes with fresh cheese curds is a style commonly found outside Quebec.

The texture, temperature and viscosity of poutine's ingredients differ and continuously change as the food is consumed, making it a dish of highly dynamic contrasts. Strengthening these contrasts, superior poutines are identified by the crispiness of the fries, freshness of the curds, and a unifying gravy.[1] Even small variations in ingredients or preparation—the oil used for frying, the origin of the curds, or spices in the gravy—can result in a distinctly different experience of eating the poutine.[1]

Some recipes eliminate the cheese, but most Québécois would call such a dish a frite sauce (English: french fries with gravy), not poutine. When curds are unavailable, mozzarella cheese may be an acceptable alternative.[23] Shredded mozzarella is commonly used in Saskatchewan.[28] Sweet potato may be used as a healthier alternative to french fries, adding more dietary fibre and vitamins.[29]

Poutineries, like Montreal's La Banquise, which is credited for much of the innovation and popularization of poutine, have dozens of varieties of poutine on their menus.[15] Many of these are based on the traditional recipe with an added meat topping such as sausage, chicken, bacon, brisket, or Montreal-style smoked meat, with the gravy adjusted for balance.[30] The Quebec City-based chain Chez Ashton is known for its poutine Galvaude (topped with chicken and green peas) and Dulton (with ground beef).[31] New variations are frequently introduced. Pulled pork was popular around 2013, followed a couple years later by Asian-fusion poutines.[32]

 
Polish-inspired poutine with pierogi instead of French fries

Montreal's high immigrant population[33] has led to many takes on the dish inspired by other cuisines, such as Haitian, Mexican, Portuguese,[32] Indian, Japanese,[13] Greek, Italian[34] and Lebanese.[35] These poutines may bear little resemblance to the traditional recipe. They replace some or all of the ingredients but maintain the dynamic contrasts of textures and temperatures with a crispy element, a dairy or dairy-like element, and a unifying sauce.[1] Many variations on the original recipe are popular, leading some to suggest that poutine has emerged as a new dish classification in its own right, as with sandwiches, dumplings, soups, and flatbreads.[1]

Poutineries will frequently offer limited-time promotional specials, such as a Thanksgiving poutine with turkey, stuffing and cranberry sauce.[36] In anticipation of the legalization of cannabis in Canada, Montreal's Le Gras Dur served a "pot poutine" with a gravy that included hemp protein, hemp seeds and hemp oil, offered with a joint-like roll of turkey, wild mushrooms and arugula.[37]

Gourmet poutine with three-pepper sauce, merguez sausage, foie gras[38] or caviar and truffle can be found. This is a trend that began in the 1990s and is credited to David McMillan of Montreal's Joe Beef and Globe restaurants.[39][18] Savoury sauces like Moroccan harissa, lobster sauce, and red-wine veal jus have been used to complement artisanal cheeses and rich ingredients.[31]

Chains such as Smoke's Poutinerie,[40] New York Fries,[41] McDonald's,[42][43] Wendy's,[44] A&W,[45] KFC,[46][47] Burger King,[48][49] Harvey's,[50][43] Mary Brown's,[51][52] Arby's,[53] and Wahlburgers restaurants also sell versions of poutine in Quebec and the rest of Canada (although not always country-wide).[54] Tim Hortons began selling poutine in 2018.[55] Fast-food combination meals in Canada often have the options to have french fries "poutinized" by adding cheese curds and gravy, or substituting a poutine for a fries side.[56]

Internationally

edit

Poutine is found in the northern border regions of the United States, including New England and the larger Northeast, the Pacific Northwest, and the Upper Midwest.[57] These regions offer further variations of the basic dish, usually by utilizing cheeses other than fresh curds, which are not widely available in the US. Wendy's fast food chain offers poutine in the form of "Baconator Fries", which is fried thin sticks of potato with melted yellow cheese and bits of bacon. In the country culture, a mixed fry can also come with cooked ground beef on top and is referred to as a hamburger mix, though this is less popular than a regular mix.[58][23] In the Pacific Northwest, one variation replaces the gravy with chowder featuring local seafood.[59][60]

Disco fries, french fries typically covered in mozzarella cheese and brown gravy, were popularized in New Jersey in the 1990s.[61] They gained their name in the 1970s for being a favourite of late-night diners, who often came from dancing at disco clubs.[62] The dish is also popular in New Orleans[63] including variations called Cajun poutine.

Poutine spread to the United Kingdom, Korea and Russia, where it has been referred to as "Raspoutine".[14] The first poutinerie in Paris, La Maison de la Poutine, opened in 2017 and quickly gained attention from mainstream media and gastronomers.[33]

A similar dish known as chips, cheese and gravy, consisting of thick-cut chips covered in shredded Manx Cheddar cheese and topped with a thick beef gravy, is popular in the Isle of Man.[64][65]

Cultural aspects

edit

A cultural marker, poutine had long been Quebec's adored junk food before spreading across the rest of Canada and the United States.[1][66][67] It had by then made inroads with food critics and established culinary circles, challenging its junk food status.[1] Food critic Jacob Richler noted in 2012 that Canadian dishes are too similar to their European roots to be considered original, with the exception of poutine, which he credited as the country's most famous culinary creation.[68] In May 2014, the word "poutine" was added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of the English language.[8]

In 2007, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) declared the results of an online survey on the greatest Canadian inventions, in which poutine ranked at No. 10.[69] Maclean's 2017 survey of "favourite iconic Canadian food" placed poutine first with 21% of respondents, ahead of maple syrup with 14%.[70] By 2011, media outlets were reporting 11 April as National Poutine Day.[71][70][72]

 
A poutine stand sign styled as the Flag of Canada during Canada Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square

In March 2016, poutine was served at the White House during the first state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama and Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.[73] Poutine has been a highlight of Canada Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square in London, England, for several years,[74] and was a comfort food for the local community after the 2013 Lac-Megantic derailment.[75] It was served at the inaugural Canadian Comedy Awards.[76]

The first poutine festival was held in Warwick, Quebec, in 1993. This annual event expanded to become the largest cheese festival in Canada.[11] In 2014, it was moved to the larger town of Victoriaville.[77] Montreal has hosted La Poutine Week, an annual festival, food tour, and competition held 1–7 February, since 2013.[78][79][32] It spread across Canada and internationally, and by 2021 had become the largest poutine festival in the world, with over 700 restaurants serving more than 350,000 poutines.[80][81][82] Le Grand Poutinefest is a poutine festival founded in 2015 which tours cities and towns in Quebec, operating most weekends from April to September.[83][84][85] Poutine festivals are also held in Drummondville (since 2008),[86][87][88] Ottawa-Gatineau,[1] Toronto,[70] Calgary,[89] Vancouver,[90] Quebec City and Sherbrooke.[91] In the US, major festivals have been held in Chicago, Illinois,[13][92] Manchester, New Hampshire,[93] Knoxville, Tennessee, and in Rhode Island.[8][94][95]

 
Joey Chestnut holds the trophy at the 2012 World Poutine Eating Championship in Toronto.

Since 2010, the International Federation of Competitive Eating (IFCE) has held a world poutine-eating championship sponsored by Toronto-based chain Smoke's Poutinerie. There was criticism that the inaugural contest was held outside of Quebec and excluded Québécois. The IFCE stated that Montreal poutineries had not expressed any interest in holding the competition. Regulations for contests in Quebec make it difficult to include the province, which is often absent from national contests.[96] Smoke's has since sponsored a cross-Canada poutine eating tour.[97] In 2011, chef Chuck Hughes won on Iron Chef America (episode 2 of season 9) by beating Bobby Flay with a plate of lobster poutine.[98]

Jones Soda Co., an originally Canadian company now based in the US, created a poutine-flavoured limited-edition soft drink in 2013, which received international pop culture attention.[99] Bacon-poutine was one of four flavours selected as a finalist in the 2014 Lay's Canada Do Us A Flavour potato chip contest.[100] Though it did not win,[101] Lay's later added a bacon-poutine variety in its Canada entry for the World Flavourites.[102] Loblaws' President's Choice and Ruffles brands also offer poutine-flavoured potato chips in Canada.[103] Giapos Ice Cream of New Zealand has served a "poutine ice cream" of oolong matcha tea, ice cream and caramel sauce over hand-cut fries since 2017.[104] In a 2018 promotional campaign for the film Crazy Rich Asians, "the world's richest poutine" was created with wagyu steak, lobster, truffles, shiitake and chanterelle mushrooms, edible orchids, and gold flakes, priced just under $450.[105]

Joel Edmundson, of the 2018–19 National Hockey League champion team St. Louis Blues, ate poutine from the Stanley Cup during celebrations attended by over 4,000 fans in his hometown of Brandon, Manitoba.[106][107][108] Mathieu Joseph, a Chambly, Quebec, native who won the Cup with the Tampa Bay Lightning in 2020 and 2021, also ate poutine from the Cup during a celebration with the Cup in 2021.[109]

Nutrition

edit

Health advocates have been critical of poutine since the 1980s.[10] In a 2013 study of Canadian restaurants, poutine was found to have the second-highest sodium (1547 mg average and as high as 2227 mg) among single meal items, after stir-fry entrées.[110]

Social mobility and appropriation

edit

The social status of poutine has evolved dramatically since its origins in rural Quebec in the 1950s. The dish was long mocked as a culinary invention and used as a means of stigmatization by non-Québécois against Quebec society to reduce its legitimacy.[3]: 74–109 [1] While the first generations that suffered from the poutine stigma opted to disidentify from the dish, younger people in Quebec began to reappropriate poutine as a symbol of Quebecois cultural pride.[1][3]: 74–109  Today, the dish is celebrated in many annual poutine festivals in Quebec,[111][112] the rest of Canada,[113][114] and in the United States.[115][92]

The evolution of the different symbols associated with poutine was first studied in Maudite Poutine! by Charles-Alexandre Théorêt.[3] Théorêt revisited many of these stigmas in an interview given at Tout le monde en parle on 11 November 2007.[116]

As poutine gained popularity beyond the provincial borders of Quebec in the mid-2000s, the dish gradually stopped being mocked and was eventually introduced into the popular discourse as a symbol of Canadian identity.[1] Today, the dish is often presented as being a part of Canadian cuisine, even as Canada's national dish.[1] Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet suggested in the peer-reviewed journal CuiZine that this "Canadization" of poutine constitutes cultural appropriation.[1][117][118][16][d] This appropriation is not linked to its preparation or consumption outside Quebec, but strictly to its presentation as a Canadian dish instead of a Québécois dish.[1][131][34][2] Fabien-Ouellet explains:

as soon as a Quebec cultural trait begins to be appreciated internationally, it begins to be identified as typically Canadian, this prevents Quebec culture from shining, and becomes part of absorption and assimilation processes. All this is reminiscent of the reasons why Cajun cuisine is differentiated in the US context.[132]

In politics

edit

In a Talking to Americans segment on the Canadian mock television news show This Hour Has 22 Minutes, during the 2000 US election, comedian Rick Mercer posed as a reporter and asked US politicians what they thought of "Prime Minister Jean Poutine" and his endorsement of George W. Bush for president. (The Prime Minister of Canada at the time was Jean Chrétien.) None of the interviewees noticed the insertion of "Poutine" and Bush pledged to "work closely" with Mr. Poutine.[69][133][134] A few years later, when Bush made his first official visit to Canada as president, he joked in a speech, "There's a prominent citizen who endorsed me in the 2000 election, and I wanted a chance to finally thank him [...] I was hoping to meet Jean Poutine." The remark was met with laughter and applause.[135]

 
Signage outside Montreal's Vladimir Poutine restaurant

In French, Russian president Vladimir Putin's surname is spelled "Poutine", with the two having identical pronunciation.[136][137] The similarity has been a source of confusion; in commenting on the Talking to Americans prank on Bush, Washington Post columnist Al Kamen mistakenly believed that Mercer's fictional Jean Poutine was a reference to Putin.[134] In 2017, Russian-themed poutinerie Vladimir Poutine opened in Montreal, with dishes named for political figures from Rasputin to Donald Trump.[138] In the week following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, frequent insults and threats were received by the three Maison de la Poutine restaurants in Paris, some stating a belief that they worked for the Russian state. Another poutinerie in Lyon changed the name of its 20-year signature dish, Vladimir poutine, stating that it "was no longer funny". In Quebec, Le Roy Jucep announced that it was retiring the word poutine in support of Ukraine and reverted to "fromage-patate-sauce" on its menus and branding.[139][140][137]

During the 2011 Canadian federal election, some voters reported receiving robocalls claiming to be from Elections Canada, from a phone number registered to "Pierre Poutine".[141] The calls targeted voters who had previously indicated they would not vote for the Conservative Party.[142] The calls, made on election day or the day before, falsely advised voters that their polling station had been changed, in an attempt to prevent them from voting.[143] The allegations became known as the Robocall scandal, and subsequent investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police resulted in Michael Sona, a junior Conservative Party staffer, being convicted of violating the Elections Act.[144]

Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel had a Canadian lunch with counterpart Justin Trudeau on 16 June 2017, during which they ate hotdogs and poutine. Michel tweeted later that this was "A great way to meet a dear friend though our fries are better", referring to the popular claim that fries were originally invented in Belgium.[145] In 2019, Canada attempted to garner support for its campaign for a non-permanent United Nations Security Council seat in the following year's election by serving poutine to UN diplomats.[146]

See also

edit

Footnotes

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The dish was originally called fromage-patate-sauce (cheese-fries-gravy) but this proved too long to put on the menu.[4][11] According to Renée Brousseau, the general manager of Le Roy Jucep, the drive-in's servers demanded a name for the popular dish to facilitate taking orders from curbside to kitchen. They said "Ti-Pout makes the pudding", using the nickname of a cook and pouding, the slang word they used for strange combinations of food. Brousseau stated that this was how they came up with 'poutine'.[10][4]
  2. ^ Brown gravy, as Americans use the term – consisting of flour, butter, ketchup, mustard, Worcestershire sauce, and beef broth[26][failed verification] – is not an appropriate substitute for proper sauce brune.
  3. ^ Cheese curds are also known as squeaky cheese.[4] The fresher the curds, the louder they squeak when chewed.[1][24] In The Wall Street Journal, Adam Leith Gollner described chewing fresh curds as "like a rusty doorhinge swinging open between your teeth".[13] Those from the Centre-du-Québec region do not consider a poutine authentic if it does not squeak.[23]
  4. ^ Fabien-Ouellet has given many talks about the Canadianization and cultural appropriation of poutine, notably in The New York Times,[119] National Post,[120] Vice,[121] Radio-Canada,[122][123] Global News: BC 1,[124] CHOI 98.1 Radio X,[125] ENERGIE 98.9,[126] Vermont Public Radio,[127] HuffPost,[128] La Presse,[129] and Le Journal de Montréal.[130]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Fabien-Ouellet, Nicolas (2016). "Poutine Dynamics". Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures. 7 (2). doi:10.7202/1038479ar. ISSN 1918-5480.
  2. ^ a b DeSoucey, Michaela (November 2020). "Reviewed Work(s): The Emergence of National Food: The Dynamics of Food and Nationalism". Contemporary Sociology. 49 (6). American Sociological Association: 517–518. doi:10.1177/0094306120963121l. JSTOR 26985023. S2CID 226239110.
  3. ^ a b c d e Théorêt, Charles-Alexandre (2007). Maudite poutine!. [Montréal]: Héliotrope. ISBN 9782923511078. OCLC 166321360.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Many lay claim to inventing poutine, but who was the first to combine fries, curds and gravy on a menu?". National Post. Toronto: Postmedia Network Inc. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  5. ^ a b Kane, Marion (8 November 2008). "The war of the curds". Toronto Star. Toronto: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d Donnelly, Catherine; Kehler, Mateo (2016). The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. pp. 585–586. ISBN 978-0-19-933089-8. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  7. ^ Hutchinson, Sean (1 July 2017). "A Brief History of Poutine". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d Covington, Linnea (11 June 2014). "9 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Poutine". foodrepublic.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Drummondville claims ownership of poutine in new tourism campaign". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Woods, Allan (23 June 2017). "Is poutine Canada's national treasure or culinary appropriation?: Canadian Myths". The Toronto Star. Toronto: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d e Verma, Sonia (7 December 2009). "The sticky mess of the origins of poutine". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  12. ^ Charlebois, Sylvain (2021). Poutine nation: la glorieuse ascension d'un plat sans prétention [Poutine Nation: the glorious rise of an unpretentious dish] (in French). Montreal, Quebec: Fides. ISBN 978-2-76-214412-3. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Gollner, Adam Leith (2 May 2014). "On the Hunt for Quebec's Best Poutine". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  14. ^ a b Arfonovitch, Davida. "Poutine". thecanadianencyclo[edia.ca. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Semenak, Susan (8 February 2015). "Backstage at La Banquise – because it's always poutine week there". Montreal Gazette. Montreal, Quebec: Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  16. ^ a b Forster, Tim (30 May 2017). "Is Canada Stealing Poutine From Quebec?". Eater. Montreal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  17. ^ "Where to Find NYC's Newest Poutine". Eater. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. ^ a b Krauss, Clifford (26 April 2004). "Quebec Finds Pride in a Greasy Favorite". The New York Times. Toronto. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  19. ^ Chesterman, Lesley (5 November 2011). "From the Archive: 12 dishes that say 'Montreal'". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  20. ^ Kates, Joanne (28 February 2009). "Restaurant Review: If poutine's your thing, get thee to Smoke's". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. ProQuest 1412736257.
  21. ^ a b "poutine - \poo-TEEN\". Merriam-Webster. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. Although the earliest evidence of the word "poutine" in an English publication is from 1982, historical accounts of the dish itself date to several decades earlier ... Some assert that "poutine" is related to the English word "pudding," but a more popular etymology is that it's from a Québécois slang word meaning "mess."
  22. ^ a b Poirier, Claude; Canac-Marquis, Steve (1998). Dictionnaire historique du français québécois. Université Laval. ISBN 978-2-7637-7557-9.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g Garrett, Jonny (14 October 2014). "Tips for the perfect poutine". JamieOliver.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  24. ^ a b c d Edmiston, Jake (28 October 2017). "Rest of Canada problems: Why don't cheese curds squeak in Toronto?". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  25. ^ "things to do, people to see, places to go". 604 Now. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  26. ^ "Basic All-american Brown Gravy Recipe". 1 January 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  27. ^ Julian, Armstrong (2014). Made in Quebec: A Culinary Journey. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-44342-531-5.
  28. ^ Sharp, Jenn (20 February 2013). "Poutine's gooey goodness not for the faint of heart". Regina Leader-Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  29. ^ Michael, Souzan (21 June 2012). "Playful Poutine Recipes". foodnetwork.ca. Food Network. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  30. ^ Katz, CJ (18 June 2014). "Taste Regina: Prairie Poutine – Local chefs create Saskatchewan variations of Quebec-born dish". The Leader-Post. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  31. ^ a b Chavich, Cinda (18 April 2018). "Haute poutine". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  32. ^ a b c Haldane, Maeve (January 2017). "La Poutine Week 2017: dozens of restaurants play around with a classic". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  33. ^ a b Song, Vivian. "At long last, Paris gets its first Maison de la Poutine". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  34. ^ a b Lau, Rachel (1 June 2017). "Canada is culturally appropriating poutine from Quebec: academic". Global News. Toronto: Corus Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  35. ^ "The 11 Best Under-the-Radar Poutine Spots in Montreal". Thrillist. July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  36. ^ Watson, Amie (10 April 2012). "Poutine for the rest of Canada". Regina Leader-Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Postmedia News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  37. ^ Rudin, David (13 October 2017). "Montreal restaurant serves pot poutine 'in honour of Justin Trudeau'". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  38. ^ Koentges, Christopher (4 October 2012). "How To Make Poutine 2.0: Gravy Hacks, Cheese Curd Modification". Very Ethnic. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  39. ^ Harrison, Ian (21 September 2015). "New Article on the Rise of Poutine Gets It All Wrong". Eater. Montreal. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  40. ^ "Smoke's Poutinerie World Famous Great Canadian Cross Country Plaid Gravy Train Fries Curd & Gravy Weird Wild and Wacky Poutine Eating Tour 2014 is Rolling Across Canada" (Press release). Toronto: Canadian News Wire. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  41. ^ Ouellette, Jennifer (4 July 2013). "New York Fries Announces Expansion into Turkey". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  42. ^ Day, Adam. "Oh Canada, we stand on guard for ... poutine?". The Digital Times. Kamloops, BC: Journalism Students at Thompson Rivers University. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  43. ^ a b Henry, Michele (11 December 2013). "McDonald's poutine taste test: How does it compare?". The Toronto Star. Toronto: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  44. ^ "Poutine Fries To Go Near You". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  45. ^ "Poutine". A&W Trade Marks. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  46. ^ Taylor, Bill (2 December 2016). "KFC Debuts New Spicy Popcorn Chicken Poutine In Canada". Chew Boom. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  47. ^ "Signature Sides". KFC. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  48. ^ "Our menu—Poutine". Burger King. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  49. ^ Sara, Laux (12 June 2017). "The ultimate ranking of Canada's fast-food poutine". Cottage Life. Blue Ant Media. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  50. ^ "Menu". Harvey's. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  51. ^ Taylor, Bill (15 August 2018). "Mary Brown's Adds New International Poutines". Canadify. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  52. ^ "Ontario Menu". Mary Brown's Famous Chicken & Taters. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  53. ^ Rose, Lily (16 January 2018). "Arby's Canada Launches Curly Fry Poutine". The Daily Meal. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  54. ^ "Vive le McPoutine libre: McDonald's re-introduces fries, gravy and cheese curds dish on menus across Canada | National Post". NationalPost.com. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  55. ^ Keith, Elizabeth (June 2018). "Tim Hortons Just Released A Poutine But It Doesn't Look Quite Right". Narcity. Narcity Media Inc. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  56. ^ "Is McDonald's new poutine any good? Peter Nowak investigates". canadianbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  57. ^ Klein, Michael (21 June 2017). "Let's Eat: Raising the roof in Center City; poutine on South Street". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  58. ^ Stern, Jane; Stern, Michael (3 October 2014). "Is there such a thing as good poutine?". The Splendid Table. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  59. ^ Jackson-Glidden, Brooke (17 August 2020). "There's a New Spot for Pacific Northwestern Fish and Chips on East Burnside". Eater Portland. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  60. ^ Tomky, Naomi (28 March 2018). "Why Chowder Fries Could Be the Signature Dish Seattle's Been Waiting For". Thrillist. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  61. ^ Santana, Fabiana (31 January 2017). "NJ Vocabulary: What Are Disco Fries?". bestofnj.com. Florham Park, NJ. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  62. ^ Lazor, Drew (27 April 2016). "There's No Drunk Food Like Disco Fries". Saveur. Bonnier Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  63. ^ Langenhennig, Susan (26 November 2012). "New Orleans chefs play around with poutine". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  64. ^ Isle of Man – Factfile – Daily Life Archived 29 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ "National Chips, Cheese & Gravy Day Proposed on Isle of Man". BBC. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  66. ^ Blitz, Matt (22 June 2017). "Vive La Poutine: The Origins of Quebec's Favorite Snack". Food & Wine. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  67. ^ "Vive la Poutine". Gastropost. National Post. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  68. ^ Richler, Jacob (2012). My Canada Includes Foie Gras. Toronto: Viking Canada. pp. 58, 139. ISBN 978-0-670-06582-0.
  69. ^ a b Sekules, Kate (23 May 2007). "A Staple From Quebec, Embarrassing but Adored". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019. Granted, poutine came in only at No. 10. But it beat, among other things, the electron microscope, the BlackBerry, the paint roller and the caulking gun, lacrosse, plexiglass, radio voice transmission and basketball.
  70. ^ a b c Jeha, Laura (18 June 2017). "The history of poutine: How it became our most iconic dish". Maclean's. Toronto: Rogers Media. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  71. ^ Balla, Lesley (11 April 2011). "How L.A. Does Poutine for National Poutine Day: 5 Great Places to Eat Like a Canadian". LA Weekly. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  72. ^ Ciotoli, Adriano (10 April 2018). "4 Poutines to indulge in on National Poutine Day". Windsor Eats. Windsor, Ontario. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  73. ^ Sietsema, Tom (9 March 2016). "State dinner will start with a gussied-up version of Canada's late-night party food". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  74. ^ Perreaux, Les (5 May 2013). "Canada Day heads to the Big Apple". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  75. ^ Loriggio, Paola (11 July 2013). "Lac-Mégantic: Poutine shack serves comfort food near derailment site". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  76. ^ Niester, Alan (7 April 2000). "A night for the Groucho glasses". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  77. ^ "Le Festival de fromages de Warwick déménagerait à Victoriaville… | La Terre de Chez Nous". La Terre de Chez Nous (in French). 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  78. ^ "Poutine Week Montreal". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  79. ^ "Creative chefs offer take on fries, curds and gravy during La Poutine Week". Metro News. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  80. ^ Demontis, Rita (27 January 2021). "National Poutine Week celebrates favourite food". Toronto Sun. Toronto, Ontario: Postmedia Network Inc. p. A31. ProQuest 2482359444. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  81. ^ "La Poutine Week is back Feb. 1 ... with a twist". The Suburban. Saint Laurent, Quebec. 24 January 2021. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  82. ^ Hum, Peter (26 January 2021). "During a raging pandemic, La Poutine Week will make deliveries". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ontario: Postmedia Network Inc. p. A8. ProQuest 2481410715. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  83. ^ Chaar, Mike (3 July 2024). "A massive poutine festival is coming to Montreal's Old Port this month". MTL Blog.
  84. ^ Renfrew, Matthew (19 July 2023). "Le Grand PoutineFest is on in the Old Port of Montreal through July 30". Cult MTL.
  85. ^ Sciola, Al (7 July 2022). "Quebec's Grand PoutineFest Makes its way to Old Montreal this month". Daily Hive.
  86. ^ Johnston, David (19 November 2008). "Quebec restaurant claims to be 'inventor' of poutine". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  87. ^ "The Festival de la Poutine lineup is here, ready to clog your arteries". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  88. ^ "The Festival de la Poutine lineup is here, ready to clog your arteries". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  89. ^ "Victoria Poutine Week Oct 16–22". Poutine with purpose. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  90. ^ "La Poutine Week B.C. Offers a solid 7 days of poutine indulgence". 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  91. ^ "Official #LaPoutineWeek – Semaine de La Poutine Week 2014". LapoutineWeek.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  92. ^ a b Knight, Lauren (23 February 2016). "What You Missed at Poutine Fest 2016". Chicago Food Magazine. Chicago. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  93. ^ "NH PoutineFest". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  94. ^ Brobeck, Greg (25 June 2015). "First-ever Poutinefest to be held Friday night in Knoxville". WATE 6 News. Knoxville, Tennessee. Retrieved 2 January 2019.[permanent dead link]
  95. ^ Coelho, Jamie (4 March 2021). "Go On a Poutine Bender with the Museum of Work and Culture's Competition". Rhode Island Monthly. Providence: Rhode Island Monthly Communications. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  96. ^ Schwartz, Susan (16 April 2010). "Sacre bleu! A poutine-eating contest . . . in Toronto?". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  97. ^ O'Neil, Lauren (6 October 2014). "American wins world poutine eating championship, Canadians heartbroken". CBC News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  98. ^ "Quebec chef wins Iron Chef with lobster poutine". CBC News. Montreal: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  99. ^ Sibonney, Claire (2 May 2013). "Jones Soda's Poutine Flavour: Awful Or Amazing?". HuffPost Canada. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  100. ^ "Lay's Canada announces 2014 Do Us a Flavour finalists" (Press release). Mississauga, Ontario: PepsiCo Canada. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  101. ^ "Calgary man wins potato chip contest with 'Jalapeno Mac N' Cheese' flavour". 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  102. ^ Kwan, Tammy (9 August 2016). "Lay's potato chips announces winning international flavours that Canadians voted for". Georgia Straight. Vancouver, British Columbia: Vancouver Free Press. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  103. ^ "PC World of Flavours Poutine Flavour Rippled Potato Chips". Loblaw Companies Limited. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  104. ^ Rudin, David (12 July 2017). "Québécois poutine became ice cream in New Zealand, and now we're scared". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  105. ^ Rudin, David (1 August 2018). "Because nothing's sacred, here's the $448 'World's Richest Poutine'". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  106. ^ Khan, Ahmar (8 July 2019). "'Dream come true': Brandon-born St. Louis Blues defenceman Joel Edmundson back home with Stanley Cup". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  107. ^ Thompson, Sam (9 July 2019). "Manitoba NHLer eats poutine out of Stanley Cup in Brandon". Global News. Corus Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  108. ^ Crabb, Josh (8 July 2019). "'It's a dream come true': Brandon's Joel Edmundson brings Stanley Cup to his hometown". CTV News. Bell Media. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  109. ^ Laframboise, Kalina (16 August 2021). "Say cheese! Lightning forward Mathieu Joseph eats poutine out of Stanley Cup | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  110. ^ Scourboutakos, Mary J.; L'Abbé, Mary R. (January–February 2013). "Sodium Levels in Canadian Fast-food and Sit-down Restaurants". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 104 (1): e2–e8. doi:10.1007/BF03405645. JSTOR canajpublheal.104.1.00e2. PMC 6974083. PMID 23618115.
  111. ^ "Accueil – Half Moon Run, Les Trois Accords, Alex Nevsky, Les Soeurs Boulay, Fred Fortin, Kevin Parent". Festival de la poutine de Drummondville (in French). Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  112. ^ "Découvrez des poutines incroyables! – La Poutine Week". lapoutineweek.com (in French). Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  113. ^ "World Poutine Eating Championship – Smoke's Poutinerie". smokespoutinerie.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  114. ^ "Ottawa PoutineFest". ottawapoutinefest.ca. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  115. ^ "NH PoutineFest 2017 – Live Free and Eat Poutine!". nhpoutinefest.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  116. ^ mapoutineca (12 March 2010). "Maudite poutine (partie 1 de 2)". Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2017 – via YouTube.
  117. ^ Charlebois, Mattieu (3 February 2016). "La poutine, un plat pour les Québécois de sauce". L'actualité (in Canadian French). Mishmash Media. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  118. ^ "*FAQ*". The Poutine Pundit. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  119. ^ Dan Bilefsky (20 December 2017). "Culture War Over Beloved Dish Grips Quebec". The New York Times. pp. A4. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  120. ^ Edmiston, Jake (28 May 2017). "The dark side of poutine: Canada taking credit for Quebec dish amounts to cultural appropriation, academic says". National Post. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  121. ^ "Poutine politique : frites, sauce, fromage avec appropriation culturelle en accompagnement" (in Canadian French). Vice. 31 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  122. ^ "La poutine, symbole d'appropriation culturelle canadienne ? | Gravel le matin" (in Canadian French). 30 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  123. ^ Lizotte, Cédric (6 June 2017). "Poutine et appropriation culturelle : débat enflammé… et délicieux". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  124. ^ Rachel Lau (1 June 2017). "Canada is culturally appropriating poutine from Quebec: academic". Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  125. ^ "Est-ce que les MÉCHANTS canadiens se sont approprié la poutine ?!!" (in Canadian French). 30 May 2017. Archived from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  126. ^ La commission Gendron. "Nicolas Fabien Ouellet 'La Poutine'" (in French). ENERGIE 98.9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  127. ^ Lindholm, Jane (6 June 2017). "UVM Student Examines Cultural Appropriation Of Poutine". Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  128. ^ "La poutine est victime d'appropriation culturelle au Canada anglais, affirme un chercheur" (in Canadian French). 29 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  129. ^ "Le Canada s'est-il approprié la poutine du Québec ? | Ian Bussières | Société" (in Canadian French). 29 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  130. ^ Lacroix, Antoine (29 May 2017). "Le Canada accusé de s'approprier la poutine" (in Canadian French). Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  131. ^ Butterfield, Michelle (29 May 2017). "Poutine A Victim Of Cultural Appropriation, Argues Quebec Researcher". Huffpost Canada. Toronto: HPMG News. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  132. ^ Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet (6 June 2017). "Appropriation culturelle de la poutine : réponse de l'auteur" (in French). Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  133. ^ Trillin, Calvin (15 November 2009). "Funny Food". The New Yorker. Toronto: Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2019. I appreciate his strong statement [...] He understands I believe in free trade. He understands I want to make sure our relations with our most important neighbor to the north of us is strong. And we'll work closely together.
  134. ^ a b "22 Minutes star pulls prank on George W. Bush". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 March 2000. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  135. ^ "President Discusses Strong Relationship with Canada". whitehouse.archives.gov (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary (United States), The White House. 1 December 2004. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019. I told Paul that I really have only one regret about this visit to Canada. There's a prominent citizen who endorsed me in the 2000 election, and I wanted a chance to finally thank him for that endorsement. I was hoping to meet Jean Poutine.
  136. ^ Marquis, Melanie (26 August 2018). "From Russia with gravy: Moscow food truck puts own spin on poutine". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  137. ^ a b Bilefsky, Dan (7 March 2022). "A Quebec restaurant that claimed to invent poutine rebrands to rebuke Putin (Poutine in French)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  138. ^ Brownstein, Bill (19 June 2017). "Vladimir Poutine puts a political spin on popular Quebec dishes". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  139. ^ Cecco, Leyland (6 March 2022). "Poutine not Putin: classic Quebec dish off the menu in France and Canada". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  140. ^ Butterfield, Michelle (9 March 2022). "Canadian delicacy or Russian president? People confuse poutine with Putin". Global News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  141. ^ Payton, Laura (27 August 2013). "'Pierre Poutine' robocalls plot detailed in new documents". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  142. ^ Postmedia News (12 March 2012). "Abortion robocall attacking Tories in Guelph was not voter suppression: Liberals". National Post. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  143. ^ Maher, Stephen; McGregor, Glen (27 February 2012). "Elections Canada investigating 'robocalls' that misled voters". Postmedia News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  144. ^ McGregor, Glen (19 November 2014). "Michael Sona gets nine months in jail for his role in 2011 robocalls scandal". National Post. Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  145. ^ "Michel eet hotdogs en poutine met Trudeau, maar "onze frieten zijn beter"". Het Laatste Nieuws. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  146. ^ Fillion, Stephanie (27 March 2019). "Canada, Ireland and Norway, Now Vying for the 2020 UN Security Council Vote". PassBlue. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
edit
  •   The dictionary definition of poutine at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poutine&oldid=1253057527"