Throughout the history of Chicago, there have been many nicknames for the city of Chicago, Illinois.
Windy City
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The city of Chicago has been known by many nicknames, but it is most widely recognized as the "Windy City".
The earliest known reference to the "Windy City" was actually to Green Bay in 1856.[1] The first known repeated effort to label Chicago with this nickname is from 1876 and involves Chicago's rivalry with Cincinnati. The popularity of the nickname endures to this day, more than a century after the Cincinnati rivalry ended.Second City
edit"Second City" originates as an insult from a series of articles in The New Yorker by A. J. Liebling, later combined into a book titled Chicago: The Second City (1952). In it, Liebling writes about his hatred for Chicago and contrasts it to his hometown New York City. He complains about Chicago's economic decline, rampant organized crime and political corruption, declining population, outdated schools of thought, and general dependency on the cities along the east coast.[2] The Chicago-based improv comedy group The Second City references Liebling's book in their self-mocking name.[3] In 2011, Chicago announced its adoption of the slogan "Second to None", a protest stance indirectly referring to Liebling's publications.[4] The slogan was replaced with another in 2022.[5]
An etymology popularized by tour guides suggests that it refers to rebuilding the city following the Great Chicago Fire in 1871.[6][7]
Chi-town
edit"Chi-town," "Chi-Town," or "Chitown" (/ˈʃaɪtaʊn/ SHY-town)[8] is a nickname that follows an established pattern of shortening a city's name and appending the suffix "-town," like "H-Town" refers to Houston.[9] Despite many mentions by well-known figures in popular works, such as C. W. McCall's song "Convoy," its popularity as a nickname used by locals is disputed.[10] Wendy McClure wrote in the Chicago Reader in 2017 that it is the "cilantro of nicknames": its distastefulness depends on who is using it.[8] Events and organizations often use the nickname, for example, the hockey team Chi-Town Shooters, the WCW event Chi-Town Rumble, and the New Year's Eve event Chi-Town Rising.[10]
City of Big Shoulders
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"City of Big Shoulders" is a nickname coined by Carl Sandburg in his 1914 poem "Chicago," which describes the city as "stormy, husky, [and] brawling." It is the last of several nicknames in the poem; the others hint at the city's major industrial activities, for example, the meat-packing industry and railroad industry.[11] It is also sometimes said as the "City of Broad Shoulders."[12]
Chiberia
edit"Chiberia" – a portmanteau of "Chicago" and "Siberia" – was coined by Richard Castro, a meteorologist working for the National Weather Service, during a cold wave in 2014 that brought the coldest temperatures to the city in multiple decades.[13] The National Weather Service used the hashtag "#Chiberia" during its reporting on the cold wave.[14] The nickname continues to be used during cold weather events, for example in 2017[15] and in 2019.[16]
Chiraq
edit"Chiraq" – a portmanteau of "Chicago" and "Iraq" – controversially compares the city (given its crime rates) to war-torn Iraq. Chuck Goudie, a reporter for ABC7 Chicago, asserted that the nickname is based on a Iraq War statistic: from 2003 to 2012, 4,265 people were killed in Chicago, nearly equal to the number of U.S. soldiers killed in Iraq in the same period. The origin of the nickname is not definitive, but it saw increasing popularity in usage around the end of the Iraq War.[17] For example, Spike Lee used the nickname as the title of his 2015 film,[18] Lil Reese used it in his 2013 song "Traffic," and it was added to the Urban Dictionary in 2012.
City in a Garden
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In the 1830s, the government of Chicago adopted the motto "Urbs in Horto," a Latin term that translates to 'City in a Garden.' It is displayed in the city's seal.[19] The Chicago Park District adopted a seal in 1934 that contains the Latin phrase Hortus in Urbe, meaning 'Garden in a City.'[20]
Great Commercial Tree
edit"Great Commercial Tree" comes from the lyrics of the state anthem of Illinois: "... Till upon the inland sea, stands thy great commercial tree..."[21]
Other nicknames
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2022) |
- "Mud City" – possibly the oldest nickname for the city, referring to the fact that the terrain of the city used to be a mud flat[22]
- "City by the Lake" – used as early as the 1890s[23]
- "The City that Works" – slogan from Richard J. Daley's tenure as mayor, describing Chicago as a blue-collar, hard-working city, which ran relatively smoothly[24]
- "Heart of America" – Chicago is one of the largest transportation centers in America, and its location was once near the center of the United States.
- "The Great American City" – taken from Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Norman Mailer's book Miami and the Siege of Chicago (1968): "Chicago is the great American city ... perhaps [the last] of the great American cities";[25] "the notion that Chicago is arguably the most quintessential American city"[26] was central to Robert J. Sampson's landmark research on communities, criminology, and urban sociology, Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect (2012)
- "The City Beautiful" – a reference to the eponymous reform movement sparked by the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893,[27] used by Hawk Harrelson when the Chicago White Sox open a game at U.S. Cellular Field
- "The 312" – a reference to the city's original area code under the North American Numbering Plan before the overlays of area code 773 and later area code 872.
- "Paris on the Prairie" - a name from Daniel Burnham's "Plan for Chicago".
See also
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References
edit- ^ Popik, Barry (October 11, 2004). "The Big Apple: Windy City (summary)". Barrypopik.com. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
- ^ Weintraub, J. (July 29, 1993). "Why They Call It the Second City". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ Christiansen, Richard (2004). "Second City Theatre". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. p. 744. ISBN 0-226-31015-9. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
- ^ Rosenthal, Phil (June 29, 2011). "Selling the City to Tourists, One Slogan at a Time". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ "What Others Are Saying: Chicago's Terrible New Slogan Sounds Designed to Keep Everyone Away". Herald & Review. February 1, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ "Why is Chicago the 'Second City?'". Mysterious Chicago. July 9, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ "Why is Chicago Called 'The Second City'?". Skydeck Chicago at Willis Tower. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ a b McClure, Wendy (December 21, 2017). "Chicago Is a City of Objectionable Nicknames". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ "Chi-town". Dictionary.com. January 6, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ a b Berlin, Jonathon; Tuma, Rick; Yoder, Chad (January 6, 2016). "Does Anyone Use 'Chi-Town'? And Why NYE Organizers Chose It". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Spinney, Robert G. (2020). City of Big Shoulders: A History of Chicago. Cornell University Press. pp. XV, 272. ISBN 9781501748356.
- ^ Elie, Paul (June 16, 1996). "Admiring the City of Broad Shoulders". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ "Meet the Man Who Coined the Word 'Chiberia'". CBS Chicago. March 6, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Smith, Matt; Levs, Josh (January 6, 2014). "'It's Too Darn Cold': Historic Freeze Brings Rare Danger Warning". CNN. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Prociv, Kathryn (January 13, 2017). "Pic of the Week: Chicago Lives up to 'Chiberia' Nickname after Cold Snap Turns City to Ice". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Lutz, Eric (January 31, 2019). "'Chiberia': Extreme Cold in Chicago Inspires Solidarity and Awe". The Guardian. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Bowean, Lolly (July 14, 2013). "Chiraq: What's in a Nickname? It Could Be a Lot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Goudie, Chuck (July 27, 2015). "Despite 'Chiraq' Label, Data Show Chicago Not Even Close to Iraq". ABC7 Chicago. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ "Chicago Facts". Chicago Public Library. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ "History of Chicago's Parks". Chicago Park District. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
- ^ Official State Symbols (PDF) (Report). State of Illinois. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ English, Thomas J. (2005). Paddy whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. HarperCollins. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-06-059002-5.
The city had been built, inexplicably, in the middle of a mud flat, which necessitated raising portions of the downtown area on stilts above the sloshy earth, giving Chicago the first of many nicknames: Mud City.
- ^ Seeger, Eugen. "Chicago, the Wonder City" (p. 384), G. Gregory Printing Company, Chicago, 1893
- ^ Adams, Cecil (2009) "What's the origin of 'The city that works'? Archived 2017-04-19 at the Wayback Machine"
- ^ Mailer, Norman (1968). "Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968" (p. 83) New American Library, New York, 1968
- ^ Sampson, Robert J. (2012). "Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect" (p. 77) University of Chicago Press, Chicago
- ^ Levy, John M. (2009) Contemporary Urban Planning.