1915–1916 Church of England border polls
The Church of England border polls 1915–1916 were a series of referendums held in January and February 1915 (with second polls being held in two parishes in March 1916), for residents of living in nineteen Church of England ecclesiastical[a] parishes, the boundaries of which crossed the England–Wales border.[2] They were carried out to determine if the parish residents wished their parish to remain part of the Church of England or to become part of the Church in Wales when the Welsh Church Act 1914 took effect. (Its implementation was delayed because of the First World War and it did not take effect until 31 March 1920).[3] The polls eventually resulted in all but one of the border parishes voting to remain with the Church of England.
Background
editThe Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed by parliament to disestablish the Church of England in Wales and Monmouthshire. Section 9 of the Act provided for the Commissioners for Church Temporalities in Wales (commonly called "The Welsh Church Commissioners") to hold referendums in the nineteen areas defined as "border parishes", parishes whose ecclesiastical boundaries straddled the temporal boundary between England and Wales, to decide if the parish wanted to join the Church in Wales when it was disestablished or to remain part of the established Church of England. Section 9 of the Welsh Church Act required the Commissioners to ascertain "the general wishes of the parishioners" but did not specify how "parishioners" was to be defined.[4] The Commissioners therefore interpreted the provision broadly. The Welsh Church Act provided that the Church in Wales parishes would no longer retain private endowments granted to them before 1662[5] (though this was later partly[6] compensated for by the Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919).[7]
Electorate
editThe eligibility to vote in the ballots was extended to all men and women over 21 who lived in the respective parishes;[2] non-resident ratepayers were also entitled to vote.[8] The inclusion of all men and women over 21 extended the voting franchise beyond the limited franchise given to women by the Local Government Act 1894. It was one of the first examples of universal suffrage in the United Kingdom prior to the introduction of the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928, which gave women the same voting rights as men in parliamentary elections.[2] However, the extended franchise meant that there was no suitable register for the Commissioners to use, which exacerbated their difficulties in holding the elections. They also posted ballot papers to parishioners serving in the Forces.[2] Turnout for the votes was high compared to other elections.[2]
Results
editThe results of the referendums were given as a Written Answer in the House of Commons by the Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna.[9] When reporting, the Commissioners took the view that, in spite of the difficulty in conducting the elections, in all the 17 parishes for which results were published there was a "marked preponderance of opinion" in favour of remaining part of the Church of England, so they needed to take no further action. The results of the ballots in Llansilin and Rhydycroesau were not published as they were deemed to be too close to call. A second referendum, using a more precise ballot, was therefore held in March 1916. Rhydycroesau voted to remain with the Church of England, and Llansilin was the only parish to vote in favour of joining the Church in Wales.[10][2] Because of the results, when disestablishment did happen in 1920, parishes and churches which were in a Welsh diocese were transferred to nearby Church of England dioceses for episcopal oversight. For example, Holy Trinity Church, Sarn in Wales was part of the Diocese of St David's but as that became a diocese of the Church in Wales, it was transferred to the Church of England's Diocese of Hereford.[11][12]
| Parish | Ballots issued |
Votes for Church of England |
Votes for Church in Wales |
Spoilt ballots |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberbury | 414 | 273 | 28 | 15 |
| Brampton Bryan | 211 | 168 | 23 | 8 |
| Brilley with Michaelchurch-on-Arrow | 244 | 192 | 27 | 5 |
| Churchstoke | 596 | 390 | 70 | 31 |
| Dixton Newton | 304 | 209 | 29 | 17 |
| Dodleston | 430 | 279 | 93 | 49 |
| Great Wollaston | 242 | 173 | 37 | 14 |
| Hyssington with Snead | 185 | 108 | 33 | 17 |
| Kentchurch with Llangua[nb 1] | 213 | 107 | 38 | 7 |
| Lache-cum-Saltney | 1,640 | 854 | 228 | 76 |
| Llanymynech | 526 | 315 | 130 | 23 |
| Lydham | 108 | 91 | 6 | 11 |
| Mainstone | 143 | 85 | 20 | 28 |
| Middleton | 188 | 156 | 16 | 9 |
| Old Radnor | 508 | 344 | 99 | 30 |
| Presteigne with Discoed | 1,059 | 595 | 289 | 52 |
| Sarn | 282 | 140 | 96 | 21 |
| Parish | Ballots issued |
Votes for Church of England |
Votes for Church in Wales |
Spoilt ballots |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Llansilin | 565 | 228 | 255 | 66 |
| Rhydycroesau | 204 | 98 | 78 | 21 |
Notes
edit- ^ The provision was relevant only to ecclesiastical parishes: any civil parishes which had straddled the border would have been divided, and made separate parishes, or one or both parts added to other parishes, as a result of orders made under section 36 of the Local Government Act 1894, which required parishes not to cross the boundaries of administrative counties or districts.[1]
Footnotes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Local Government Act 1894" (PDF). Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Roberts, Nicholas (2011). "The historical background to the Marriage (Wales) Act 2010". Ecclesiastical Law Journal. 13 (1): 39–56, fn 98. doi:10.1017/S0956618X10000785. S2CID 144909754. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "Welsh Church Act 1914". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ "Welsh Church Act 1914". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ Walker, David (1976). "Disestablishment and Independence". In Walker, David (ed.). A History of the Church in Wales. Penarth: Church in Wales Publications. p. 181. ISBN 0-85326-0-11-7.
- ^ Watkin, Thomas Glyn (2012). The Legal History of Wales. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0708326404.
- ^ a b The First Report of the Commissioners for Church Temporalities in Wales (1914–16) Cd 8166, p 5; Second Report of the Commissioners for Church Temporalities in Wales (1917–18) Cd 8472 viii 93, p 4.
- ^ a b c "Welsh Church Bill (Balloting)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 2 March 1915. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ "Journal of Welsh religious history – Vol. 3 1995 The records of the Welsh Church Commission held in the National Library of Wales : a brief guide". National Library of Wales. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ "Sarn: Holy Trinity, Sarn – Powys – Diocese of Hereford". Church of England. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ "At the Court at Osborne House, Isle of Wight, the 1st day of August, 1860" (PDF). The London Gazette: 2867. 3 August 1860. Retrieved 9 September 2016.