A clarinet–violin–piano trio is a standardized chamber musical ensemble made up of one clarinet, one violin, and one piano participating in relatively equal roles, or the name of a piece written for such a group.
An example of a clarinet–viola–piano trio existed several hundred years before the clarinet–violin–piano trio; Mozart composed the Kegelstatt Trio in the 18th century, and the Romantic composer Max Bruch composed a suite of eight pieces for this combination, as well as a double concerto for viola, clarinet, and orchestra. Many of these works can be (or already have been) transcribed for a clarinet–violin–piano trio.
Unlike a standard piano trio or a concerto, there is no standard form for a composition for a clarinet–violin–piano trio: a piece can have any number of movements.
Acoustically, the choice of a clarinet, violin, and piano is characteristic in that most chamber music (and most music in general) contains high (soprano), mid-range (alto/tenor), and low (bass/baritone) parts. However, both a clarinet and a violin play relatively high-pitched parts, making for a less-balanced sound than a trio that contains a more possible range, such as a violin–cello–piano trio. Timbral contrast is provided between the woodwind (clarinet), bowed string (violin), and keyboard instrument (piano).
Aside from its classical use, this combination of instruments is common in traditional Ashkenazi Jewish music.
Early 20th century
editThere are examples of clarinet–violin–piano trios prior to 1970 by composers including Bartók (Contrasts), Baußnern's Serenade, Stravinsky (an arrangement of his L'histoire du soldat), Milhaud (Suite for clarinet, violin, and piano, Op. 157b), Khachaturian (Trio for clarinet, violin and piano), Berg, Krenek, and Ives.
Bartók's Contrasts
editBéla Bartók's Contrasts was commissioned for violinist Joseph Szigeti and clarinetist Benny Goodman and is one of the best known pieces in the genre. Kárpáti[1] describes the piece as possessing "technical bravura and at the same time...poetic versatility". In contrast, E.R.,[2] explains that the "contrasts are "of speed rather than of mood" but that despite this "lack of variety...Bartók's genius consists in gifts of rhetoric so rich that he can spread this one mood, and spread it interestingly, over a score or more of large-scale works".
Seiber[3] considers it "a less weighty, less important work in Bartók's whole œuvre" though the "writing for both violin and clarinet" are "most effective throughout". An article describing a program in which "the standard note on Bartók's Contrasts...was replaced by a sequential, diagrammatic sketch," concluded that, "in fact, Bartók looks as inscrutable as he sounds".[4]
Later 20th century
editTrios were commissioned by the Verdehr Trio from composers including Leslie Bassett, Alan Hovhaness, Michael Daugherty, Karel Husa, Thea Musgrave, Ned Rorem, Ida Gotkovsky, Gunther Schuller, Peter Schickele, Jennifer Higdon, Alexander Arutiunian, David Diamond, Scott McAllister, William Bolcom, Betsy Jolas, Bright Sheng, Roberto Sierra, Libby Larsen, Philippe Manoury, Gian Carlo Menotti, Peter Sculthorpe, Iván Erőd and Joan Tower.
Rorem's The End of Summer (1985), which may be found on several recordings featuring his work, features hints of church music. The composer describes the piece's similarities to its direct predecessor, his Scenes from Childhood, in that each of three movements is "suggested by musical works of yore. There are suggestions of Satie, Brahms, hopscotch ditties and Protestant anthems."[5] Rorem says his, Musgrave's, and Dickinson's pieces all "quote literally from the past" and also describes asking "Chuck" if he ever disapproved of Samuel Barber's pieces as Rorem's partner did of Rorem's the evening it premiered.[6]
Schuller's A Trio Setting, in "the classical fast-slow-scherzo-fast form" shows the influence of Bartók but is described as "original...varied, affecting and exciting by turns, and inventive" worth listening to again.[7]
Nathan Currier's Variations is described as "more difficult" and seemingly "too long at almost 34 minutes." It repeatedly quotes as a theme a song from Binchois, "De plus en plus", sounding like a Brahms lullaby. The piece also shows the influence of Bartók's Contrasts.[7]
Husa's Trio Setting [W22], commissioned by the Verdehr Trio in 1981, showcases each instrument in one movement and has been described by William Crutchfield as, "standout...with its sure sense of climax and dramatic variety in the instrumental handling."[8]
Thea Musgrave's Pierrot was commissioned by the Verdehr Trio and first performed in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1986. Consistent with Musgrave's earlier work, such as her Second Chamber Concerto (1966), Clarinet Concerto (1967), and Space Play (1974), Pierrot is highly programmatic and the score contains indications for stage locations, lighting plots, and movements.
Concertos
editClarinet–violin–piano concertos have been commissioned by Verdehr from Buhr, David, Ott, Skrowaczewski, and Wallace. They have also commissioned violin-clarinet double concertos from James Niblock, William Wallace, Dinos Constantinides, Paul Chihara, Ian Krouse and Richard Mills.
Composers of clarinet–violin–piano trios
edit(This is an incomplete list.)
Early 20th century
edit| Composer | Year | Piece | Opus | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Béla Bartók | 1938 | Contrasts for Clarinet, Violin, and Piano | Sz. 111, BB 116 | |
| Alban Berg | 1926 | Adagio for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | Arrangement of Kammerkonzert, 2nd movement | |
| Charles Ives | 1934 | Largo for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | ||
| Aram Khachaturian | 1932 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | ||
| Waldemar von Baußnern | 1898 | Serenade, for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | IWB 12 | |
| Ernst Krenek | 1946 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | Op. 108 | |
| Darius Milhaud | 1936 | Suite for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | Op. 157b | |
| Igor Stravinsky | 1918 | Suite from L'histoire du soldat for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | Arranged by the composer |
1949 onwards
edit| Composer | Year | Piece | Opus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joan Albert Amargós | |||
| Alfredo Aracil | 1992 | Movimiento perpetuo v.92 | |
| Alexander Arutiunian | |||
| William Bolcom | 1994 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Charlotte Bray | 2017 | Chant for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Jane Brockman | 1999 | Nibiru Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| 2007 | Lemuria Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | ||
| John Craton | 2003 | Sonate pour Violon, Clarinet and Piano, "Trois Petites Filles" | |
| Gustavo Díaz-Jerez | 2012 | Exedrae | |
| Donald Erb | Sunlit Peaks and Dark Valleys | ||
| Iván Erőd | 1991 | Trio | Op. 59 |
| Christopher Fox | 1992 | Straight Lines in Broken Times2 | |
| Pedro Faria Gomes | 2010 | Returning | |
| John Harbison | 1982 | Variations | |
| Stephen Hartke | 1997 | The Horse with the Lavender Eye | |
| Douglas Knehans | 2002 | Rive | |
| Alan Hovhaness | 1988 | Trio Lake Samish | Op. 415 |
| Evan Johnson | 2003 | Ausschnitte | |
| Michael Knopf | 2014 | QuasiHelioSonic & Little Worlds | |
| Philippe Manoury | 1992 | Michigan Trio | |
| Edward Manukyan | 2007 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Donald Martino | 1973 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Gian Carlo Menotti | 1996 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Denis Pousseur | 1993 | Le Silence du Futur for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Manel Ribera | 2008 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Ned Rorem | 1985 | End of Summer | |
| Timothy Salter | 2017 | Triptych for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | |
| Rebecca Saunders | 1994 | the underside of green | |
| Paul Schoenfield | 1990 | Trio for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Peter Scholes | 1995 | Island Songs, Clarinet Trio | |
| Peter Sculthorpe | 1992 | Dream Tracks | |
| Juan María Solare | 2008 | Greek Tales for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | |
| Franklin Stover | 2011 | Trialog for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | |
| Jesús Torres | 2017 | Fulgor for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | |
| Octavio Vázquez | 2012 | Trio for Violin, Clarinet and Piano | |
| Gabriel Vicéns | 2021 | Mural for Clarinet, Violin and Piano | |
| Johann Baptist Wanhal | Trio in E flat | Op. 20, No. 5 |
Current clarinet–violin–piano trio ensembles (2018)
edit(This is an incomplete list.)
| Trio | Founded | Clarinet | Violin | Piano |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Verdehr Trio | 1972 | Elsa Ludewig-Verdehr | Walter Verdehr | Silvia Roederer |
| The Ensemble da Camera of Washington | 1990 | Claire Eichhorn | Ricardo Cyncynates | Anna Balakerskaia |
| Nordica Trio | 1994 | Karen Beacham | Graybert Beacham | Martin Perry |
| Jacquin Trio | 2009 | Jessie Grimes | Kay Stephen | Charis Hanning |
| The Kat Trio | 1998 | Vladislav Gorbich | Victoria Gorbich | Joseph Ross |
| The Sapphire Trio | 1998 | Maxine Ramey | Margaret Nichols-Baldridge | Jody Graves |
| Strata | 1999 | Nathan Williams | James Stern | Audrey Andrist |
| Pamina Trio | 2004 | Beatriz Lopez | Ikuko Kitakado | Keiko Hattori |
| Prima Trio | 2004 | Boris Allakhverdyan | Gulia Gurevich | Anastasia Dedik |
| Trio Gaudì Archived 2015-01-12 at the Wayback Machine | 2005 | Alessio Terranova | Cardillo Giovanni | Silvia Nicola |
| Meridian Trio | 2006 | Helen James | Mackenzie Richards | Eamonn Ramsay |
| Zodiac Trio | 2006 | Kliment Krylovskiy | Vanessa Mollard | Riko Higuma |
| Vivezza Trio | 2010 | Nicole van Jaarsveld | Inger van Vliet | Angélique Heemsbergen |
| Jacquin Trio | 2010 | Jessie Grimes | Kay Stephen | Charis Hanning |
| Trio Aumage | ? | Maguy Giraud | Geneviève Melet | Aurélie Samani |
| Tripod Trio | ? | Rié Suzuki | Tim Schwarz | David Pasbrig |
| Aratos Trio | 2014 | Mihailo Samoran | Katarina Popović | Vanja Šćepanović |
| Luz y Sombra | 2006 | Kymia Kermani | Miriam Erttmann | Katja Steinhäuser |
| Ducasse Trio | 2010 | William Slingsby-Duncombe | Charlotte Maclet | Fiachra Garvey |
| Crescendo Trio | 2014 | Fanni Fekete | Eszter Kruchió | Ádám Zsolt Szokolay |
| Trio Pokret | 2011 | Miloš Nikolić | Madlen Stokić Vasiljević | Maja Mihić |
| Ensemble TrioPolis | 2015 | Kimberly Cole Luevano | Felix Olschofka | Anatolia Ioannides [1] |
| Trio Émerillon | 2017 | Charlotte Layec | TJ Skinner | Olivier Hébert-Bouchard |
Notes
edit- ^ Kárpáti (1981), p.201-207.
- ^ E. R. (1943), p. 61.
- ^ Seiber (1949), p.28-29.
- ^ "Program Notes: Better Unwritten than Unread", Music Educators Journal, Vol. 54, No. 7. (Mar., 1968), pp. 96–97.
- ^ Rorem, Ned (2001). Quoted in Gotham Ensemble Plays Ned Rorem, liner notes. Albany Records (2002): Troy 520.
- ^ Rorem (2002), p.56.
- ^ a b Max, Stephen (2008), p.1.
- ^ Hitchens (1991), p.14
Sources
edit- Carbon, John. "Pierrot for Violin, Clarinet and Piano by Thea Musgrave", Notes, 2nd Ser., Vol.50, No. 2. (Dec., 1993), pp. 761–762.
- E. R. (1943) ."Review: Contrasts, for Violin, Clarinet and Piano by Béla Bartók", Music & Letters, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Jan., 1943), p. 61.
- Hitchens, Susan Hayes (1991). Karel Husa: A Bio-Bibliography. ISBN 0-313-25585-7.
- Kárpáti, János (1981). "Alternative Structures in Bartók's 'Contrasts'", Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, T. 23, Fasc. 1/4, Centenrio Belae Bartók Sacrum#.
- Max, Stephen R. "Verdehr Trio 3." American Record Guide 57.n6 (Nov-Dec 1994): 218(1).
- Rorem (2002). Lies: A Diary: 1986-1999. ISBN 0-306-81106-5.
- Seiber, Mátyás (1949). "Béla Bartók's Chamber Music", Tempo, New Ser., No. 13, Bartók Number. (Autumn, 1949), pp. 19–31.
External links
edit- Rockwell, John "Concert: Verdehr Trio" Review, NYTimes.com. Published: February 18, 1988.
- The Verdehr Trio website.