In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa (genera, tribes and subfamilies) are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of August 2023[update], the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.[1]
Overview
editThe classification of the family Cactaceae remains uncertain as of August 2023[update]. Since the mid-1990s, the system produced by the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG) of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study has been used as the basis of many published classifications. Detailed treatments produced in the 21st century have divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged into a number of tribes and subfamilies.[2][3][4]
The ICSG classification of the family recognizes four subfamilies: Pereskioideae (consisting only of the genus Pereskia), Opuntioideae, Maihuenioideae (consisting only of the genus Maihuenia) and Cactoideae.[2] Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Pereskia is not monophyletic (i.e. its species are not the complete set of descendants of a common ancestor), so that Pereskioideae is not monophyletic although the three other subfamilies are.[4][5] The Bayesian consensus cladogram from a 2005 study is shown below:[5]
Five tribes have been recognized within the subfamily Opuntioideae: Tephrocacteae, Pterocacteae, Austrocylindropuntieae, Cylindropuntieae and Opuntieae.[6] All but the first, Tephrocacteae, were shown to be "essentially monophyletic" in molecular phylogenetic study in 2009. A summary of the consensus Bayesian tree is shown below (tribes are bold; the number of species in the study is shown in parentheses).[7]
|
Many of the genera within the Opuntioideae are not monophyletic. Maihueniopsis is highly polyphyletic, appearing in four separate lineages. The two largest genera within the subfamily, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia are also not monophyletic. The classification of the Opuntioideae is thus uncertain as of March 2012[update]; Griffith and Porter say that changes in classification will require "broad information (of multiple data types) regarding all species of opuntioid cacti".[8]
The ICSG classification divides the subfamily Cactoideae into nine tribes. However, phylogenetic research has not supported most of these tribes, nor even the genera of which they are composed. A 2011 study found that "an extraordinarily high proportion of genera" were not monophyletic, including 22 (61%) of the 36 genera in the subfamily Cactoideae sampled in the research.[4] Of the nine tribes recognized within Cactoideae, one, Calymmantheae, comprises a single genus, Calymmanthium.[2] Of the remaining eight, only two (Cacteae and Rhipsalideae) have been shown to be monophyletic. A summary of the cladograms for the Cactoideae presented in a 2011 paper is shown below (ICSG tribes in bold).[9]
| Cactoideae |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The classification of the Cactaceae thus remains subject to change, from the genus level upwards. In 2016, David Hunt wrote that "the advent of molecular systematic studies in the past two decades will hopefully have a stabilizing effect on classification in due course, but has so far had the opposite effect".[10]
Nyffler and Eggli (2010) classification
editIn 2010, Nyffler and Eggli produced a classification based on an explicit phylogeny. The broad outlines of their cladogram agree with that of Hern et al. (2011), shown above, although some details are different. Their classification corresponds to the cladogram shown below.[1]
Pereskioideae
Maihuenioideae
Opuntioideae
Cactoideae |
The table below shows how the genera recognized by Nyffler and Eggli are placed into their subfamilies and tribes (they also use some subtribes, not shown here). The column headed "Older tribe (if different)" shows the ICSG classification of the subfamily Cactoideae (as presented by Anderson in 2001[11]) with a 2002 classification of the subfamily Opuntioideae.[6][12] There are differences in the genera recognized in the systems; where the older system does not recognize the genus, "–" is shown.
| Systematic order |
Genus | Subfamily | Tribe | Older tribe (if different)[11][6][12] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pereskia Mill. | Pereskioideae* | ||
| 2 | Maihuenia (Phil.ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum. | Maihuenioideae | ||
| 3.1 | Austrocylindropuntia Backeb. | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | Austrocylindropuntieae |
| 3.1 | Cumulopuntia F.Ritter (part) | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | Austrocylindropuntieae |
| 3.1 | Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | |
| 3.1 | Grusonia F.Rchb.ex Britton & Rose | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | |
| 3.1 | Maihueniopsis Speg. (part) | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | Tephrocacteae |
| 3.1 | Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | |
| 3.1 | Quiabentia Britton & Rose | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | |
| 3.1 | Tephrocactus Lem. | Opuntioideae | Cylindropuntieae | Tephrocacteae |
| 3.2 | Brasiliopuntia (K.Schum.) A.Berger | Opuntioideae | Opuntieae | |
| 3.2 | Consolea Lem. | Opuntioideae | Opuntieae | |
| 3.2 | Miqueliopuntia Fric ex F.Ritter | Opuntioideae | Opuntieae | |
| 3.2 | Opuntia Mill. | Opuntioideae | Opuntieae | |
| 3.2 | Tacinga Britton & Rose | Opuntioideae | Opuntieae | |
| 3.2 | Tunilla D.R.Hunt & Iliff | Opuntioideae | Opuntieae | |
| 3.3 | Cumulopuntia F.Ritter (part) | Opuntioideae | incertae sedis | Austrocylindropuntieae |
| 3.3 | Maihueniopsis Speg. (part) | Opuntioideae | incertae sedis | Tephrocacteae |
| 3.3 | Pterocactus K.Schum. | Opuntioideae | incertae sedis | Pterocacteae |
| 4.1 | Blossfeldia Werderm. | Cactoideae | Blossfeldieae | Notocacteae |
| 4.2 | Acharagma (N.P.Taylor) Glass | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Ariocarpus Scheidw. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Astrophytum Lem. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Aztekium Boed. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Digitostigma Velazco & Nevárez | Cactoideae | Cacteae | – |
| 4.2 | Echinocactus Link & Otto | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Echinomastus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Epithelantha F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Escobaria Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Ferocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Geohintonia Glass & W.A.Fitz Maur. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Leuchtenbergia Hook. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Lophophora J.M.Coult. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Mammillaria Haw. including Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton |
Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Mammilloydia Buxb. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Neolloydia Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Obregonia Fric | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Ortegocactus Alexander | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Pediocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Pelecyphora C.Ehrenb. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Sclerocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Stenocactus (K.Schum.) A.W.Hill | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Strombocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Thelocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.2 | Turbinicarpus (Backeb.) Buxb.& Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cacteae | |
| 4.3 | Acanthocereus (Engelm.ex A.Berger) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Armatocereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Browningieae |
| 4.3 | Austrocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Notocacteae |
| 4.3 | Brachycereus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.3 | Castellanosia Cárdenas | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | – |
| 4.3 | Corryocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Dendrocereus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Eulychnia Phil. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Notocacteae |
| 4.3 | Jasminocereus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Browningieae |
| 4.3 | Leptocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Neoraimondia Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Browningieae |
| 4.3 | Pfeiffera Salm-Dyck | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | – |
| 4.3 | Disocactus Lindl. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Hylocereeae |
| 4.3 | Epiphyllum Haw. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Hylocereeae |
| 4.3 | Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Hylocereeae |
| 4.3 | Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Hylocereeae |
| 4.3 | Selenicereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Hylocereeae |
| 4.3 | Weberocereus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Hylocereeae |
| 4.3 | Bergerocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Carnegiea Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Cephalocereus Pfeiff. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Echinocereus Engelm. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Escontria Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Isolatocereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Myrtillocactus Console | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Neobuxbaumia Backeb. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Peniocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Polaskia Backeb. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Pseudoacanthocereus F.Ritter | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob. | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | Pachycereeae |
| 4.3 | Strophocactus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Phyllocacteae | – |
| 4.4 | Hatiora Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Rhipsalideae | |
| 4.4 | Lepismium Pfeiff. | Cactoideae | Rhipsalideae | |
| 4.4 | Rhipsalis Gaertn. | Cactoideae | Rhipsalideae | |
| 4.4 | Schlumbergera Lem. | Cactoideae | Rhipsalideae | |
| 4.5 | Eriosyce Phil. | Cactoideae | Notocacteae | |
| 4.5 | Neowerdermannia Fric | Cactoideae | Notocacteae | |
| 4.5 | Parodia Speg. | Cactoideae | Notocacteae | |
| 4.5 | Rimacactus Mottram | Cactoideae | Notocacteae | – |
| 4.5 | Yavia R.Kiesling & Piltz | Cactoideae | Notocacteae | – |
| 4.6 | Browningia Cárdenas | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Browningieae |
| 4.6 | Gymnocalycium Pfeiff.ex Mittler | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Lasiocereus F.Ritter | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Rebutia K.Schum. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Stetsonia Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Browningieae |
| 4.6 | Uebelmannia Buining | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Weingartia Werderm. including Cintia Knize & Ríha |
Cactoideae | Cereeae | Notocacteae (Cintia) |
| 4.6 | Arrojadoa Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Brasilicereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Cereus Mill. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Cipocereus F.Ritter | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Coleocephalocereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Discocactus Pfeiff. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Facheiroa Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Leocereus Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Melocactus Link & Otto | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Micranthocereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Pierrebraunia Esteves | Cactoideae | Cereeae | – |
| 4.6 | Pilosocereus Byles & G.D.Rowley | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Praecereus Buxb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Stephanocereus A.Berger | Cactoideae | Cereeae | |
| 4.6 | Acanthocalycium Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Arthrocereus A.Berger | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Borzicactus Riccob. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | – |
| 4.6 | Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Cleistocactus Lem. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Denmoza Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Echinopsis Zucc. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Espostoa Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Espostoopsis Buxb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Haageocereus Backeb. including Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson & Backeb. |
Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Harrisia Britton | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Matucana Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Mila Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Oroya Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Rauhocereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Samaipaticereus Cárdenas | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Vatricania Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | – |
| 4.6 | Weberbauerocereus Backeb. | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.6 | Yungasocereus F.Ritter | Cactoideae | Cereeae | Trichocereeae |
| 4.7 | Calymmanthium F.Ritter | Cactoideae | incertae sedis | Calymmantheae |
| 4.7 | Copiapoa Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | incertae sedis | Notocacteae |
| 4.7 | Frailea Britton & Rose | Cactoideae | incertae sedis | Notocacteae |
Earlier classification
editUnless otherwise indicated, the subfamily placement of the genera listed here is based on Anderson's 2001 presentation of the ICSG classification, as is the tribal placement of the genera of the subfamily Cactoideae.[11] The division of the subfamily Opuntioideae into tribes is additional to the ICSG system.[6][12]
Subfamily Pereskioideae
edit
- Pereskia Mill.
- synonyms: Peirescia Zucc. (orth. var.), Peireskia Steud. (orth. var.), Perescia Lem. (orth. var.), Rhodocactus (A.Berger) F.M.Knuth
Subfamily Opuntioideae
editTribe Austrocylindropuntieae
edit- Austrocylindropuntia Backeb.
- Cumulopuntia F.Ritter
Tribe Cylindropuntieae
edit- Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth – chollas
- Grusonia F.Rchb. ex Britton & Rose
- including Corynopuntia F.M.Knuth, Micropuntia Daston
- Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Peireskiopsis Vaupel (orth. var.)
- Quiabentia Britton & Rose
- Brasiliopuntia (K.Schum.) A.Berger
- Consolea Lem.
- Miqueliopuntia Fric ex F.Ritter
- Opuntia Mill. – prickly pears
- synonyms: Airampoa Fric, Cactodendron Bigelow, nom. inval., Cactus Lem., Chaffeyopuntia Fric & Schelle, Clavarioidia Kreuz. (nom. inval.), Ficindica St.-Lag., Nopalea Salm-Dyck, Parviopuntia Soulaire & Marn.-Lap. (nom. inval.), Phyllarthus Neck. ex M.Gómez (nom. inval.), Salmiopuntia Fric (nom. inval.), Subulatopuntia Fric & Schelle, Tunas Lunell, Weberiopuntia Fric
- including Nopalea Salm-Dyck
- Salmonopuntia P.V.Heath
- Tacinga Britton & Rose
- Tunilla D.R.Hunt & Iliff
Tribe Pterocacteae
edit- Pterocactus K.Schum.
Tribe Tephrocacteae
edit- Maihueniopsis Speg.
- including Puna R.Kiesling
- Tephrocactus Lem.
- synonyms: Pseudotephrocactus Fric
Subfamily Maihuenioideae
edit
- Maihuenia (Phil. ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum.
Subfamily Cactoideae
editTribe Browningieae
edit- Armatocereus Backeb.
- Browningia Cárdenas, Gymnocereus Rauh & Backeb.
- Jasminocereus Britton & Rose
- Neoraimondia Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Neocardenasia Backeb.
- Stetsonia Britton & Rose
- Acharagma (N.P.Taylor) Glass
- AriocarpusScheidw. – living rock
- synonyms: Anhalonium Lem., Neogomesia Castañeda, Neogomezia Buxb. (orth. var.), Roseocactus A.Berger, Stromatocactus Karw. ex Rümpler (nom. inval.)
- Astrophytum Lem.
- Aztekium Boed.
- Chichimecactus Bárcenas, H.M.Hern. & P.Hern.-Led.[13]
- Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton – see Mammillaria
- Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem. – beehive cactus
- synonyms: Aulacothele Monv. (nom. inval.), Cumarinia Buxb., Glandulifera (Salm-Dyck) Fric, Lepidocoryphantha Backeb., Roseia Fric (nom. inval.)
- Echinocactus Link & Otto – barrel cactus
- synonyms: Brittonrosea Speg., Echinofossulocactus Lawr., Homalocephala Britton & Rose
- Echinomastus Britton & Rose
- Epithelantha F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose – pingpong ball cactus
- Escobaria Britton & Rose – foxtail cactus, pincushion cactus
- synonyms: Cochiseia W.H.Earle, Escobesseya Hester, Fobea Fric (nom. inval.), Neobesseya Britton & Rose
- Ferocactus Britton & Rose – barrel cactus
- synonyms: Bisnaga Orcutt, Brittonia C.A.Armstr. (nom. inval.)
- Mammillaria Haw. – fishhook cactus, globe cactus, pincushion cactus, bird's-nest cactus
- synonyms: Bartschella Britton & Rose, Cactus L., Chilita Orcutt, Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton, Dolichothele (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Ebnerella Buxb., Haagea Fric, Krainzia Backeb., Lactomammillaria Fric (nom. inval.), Leptocladia Buxb., Leptocladodia Buxb., Mamillaria F.Rchb. (orth. var.), Mamillopsis (E.Morren) F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose, Mammariella Shafer (nom. inval.), Mammilaria Torr. & A.Gray (orth. var.), Neomammillaria Britton & Rose, Oehmea Buxb., Phellosperma Britton & Rose, Porfiria Boed., Pseudomammillaria Buxb., Solisia Britton & Rose
- Mammilloydia Buxb.
- Neolloydia Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Napina Fric (nom. inval.), Pseudosolisia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)
- Obregonia Fric
- Ortegocactus Alexander
- Pediocactus Britton & Rose – hedgehog cactus
- synonyms: Navajoa Croizat, Pilocanthus B.W.Benson & Backeb.
- synonyms: Encephalocarpus A.Berger
- Sclerocactus Britton & Rose – fishhook cactus
- synonyms: Ancistrocactus Britton & Rose, Coloradoa Boissev. & C.Davidson, Glandulicactus Backeb., Toumeya Britton & Rose
- Stenocactus (K.Schum.) A.W.Hill
- synonyms: Echinofossulocactus Britton & Rose, Efossus Orcutt (orth. var.)
- Strombocactus Britton & Rose
- Thelocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Hamatocactus Britton & Rose, Thelomastus Fric (nom. inval.)
- Turbinicarpus (Backeb.) Buxb. & Backeb. – top cactus
Tribe Calymmantheae
edit- synonyms: Diploperianthium F.Ritter (nom. inval.)
- Aylostera Speg.
- synonyms: Digitorebutia Frič & Kreuz. ex Buining, Mediolobivia Backeb.
- Arrojadoa Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Pierrebraunia Esteves
- Brasilicereus Backeb.
- Cereus Mill. – sweet potato cactus
- synonyms: Mirabella F.Ritter, Piptanthocereus (A.Berger) Riccob., Subpilocereus Backeb.
- Cipocereus F.Ritter
- synonyms: Floribunda F.Ritter
- Coleocephalocereus Backeb.
- synonyms: Buiningia Buxb.
- Melocactus Link & Otto
- synonyms: Cactus Britton & Rose
- Micranthocereus Backeb.
- Pilosocereus Byles & G. D. Rowley – tree cactus
- synonyms: Pilocereus K.Schum., Pseudopilocereus Buxb.
- Praecereus Buxb.
- Reicheocactus Backeb.
- Serrulatocereus Guiggi
- Stephanocereus A.Berger
- Uebelmannia Buining
Tribe Hylocereeae
edit- synonyms: Aporocactus Lem., Aporocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Bonifazia Standl. & Steyerm., Chiapasia Britton & Rose, Disisocactus Kunze (orth. var.), Disocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Heliocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Lobeira Alexander, Mediocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Nopalxochia Britton & Rose, Pseudonopalxochia Backeb., Trochilocactus Linding., Wittia K.Schum., Wittiocactus Rauschert
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- Epiphyllum Haw. – climbing cactus
- synonyms: Phyllocactus Link, Phyllocereus Miq.
- Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – nightblooming cactus
- synonyms: Wilmattea Britton & Rose
- Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose
- Selenicereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – moonlight cactus, nightblooming cereus
- synonyms: Cryptocereus Alexander, Deamia Britton & Rose, Marniera Backeb., Mediocactus Britton & Rose, Strophocactus Britton & Rose, Strophocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
- Weberocereus Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Eccremocactus Britton & Rose, Eccremocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Werckleocereus Britton & Rose
Tribe Notocacteae
edit- Austrocactus Britton & Rose
- Blossfeldia Werderm.
- Cintia Kníže & Říha
- Copiapoa Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Pilocopiapoa F.Ritter
- synonyms: Ceratistes Labour. (nom. inval.), Chileniopsis Backeb., Chileocactus Fric (nom. inval.), Chileorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Chiliorebutia Fric (orth. var.), Delaetia Backeb., Dracocactus Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Euporteria Kreuz. & Buining, Hildmannia Kreuz. & Buining, Horridocactus Backeb., Islaya Backeb., Neochilenia Backeb. ex Dölz, Neoporteria Britton & Rose, Neoporteria Backeb., Neotanahashia Y.Itô, Nichelia Bullock (nom. inval.), Pyrrhocactus (A.Berger) A.W.Hill, Rodentiophila F.Ritter ex Backeb., Thelocephala Y.Itô
- Eulychnia Phil.
- synonyms: Philippicereus Backeb.
- Frailea Britton & Rose
- Neowerdermannia Fric
- Parodia Speg.
- synonyms: Acanthocephala Backeb., Brasilicactus Backeb., Brasiliparodia F.Ritter, Brasilocactus Fric (nom. inval.), Chrysocactus Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Dactylanthocactus Y.Itô, Eriocactus Backeb., Eriocephala Backeb., Friesia Fric (nom. inval.), Hickenia Britton & Rose, Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck, Microspermia Fric, Neohickenia Fric, Notocactus (K.Schum.) Fric, Sericocactus Y.Itô, Wigginsia D.M.Porter
Tribe Pachycereeae
edit- Acanthocereus (Engelm. ex A.Berger) Britton & Rose – triangle cactus
- synonyms: Dendrocereus Britton & Rose, Monvillea Britton & Rose
- Bergerocactus Britton & Rose – snake cactus
- synonyms: Bergerocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
- Carnegiea Britton & Rose – saguaro
- Cephalocereus Pfeiff. – old man cactus
- synonyms: Haseltonia Backeb., Neodawsonia Backeb., Pilocereus Lem.
- Corryocactus Britton & Rose
- synonym: Corryocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Erdisia Britton & Rose, Eulychnocactus Backeb. (nom. inval.)
- Dendrocereus Britton & Rose – see Acanthocereus
- Echinocereus Engelm. – hedgehog cactus
- synonyms: Morangaya G.D.Rowley, Wilcoxia Britton & Rose
- Escontria Rose
- Isolatocereus Backeb. – see Stenocereus
- Leptocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Neoabbottia Britton & Rose
- [= Myrtillocactus × Bergerocactus]
- synonyms: Myrtillocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
- Neobuxbaumia Backeb.
- synonyms: Pseudomitrocereus Bravo & Buxb., Rooksbya Backeb.
- ×Pacherocactus G.D.Rowley
- [= Pachycereus × Bergerocactus]
- Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Backebergia Bravo, Lemaireocereus Britton & Rose, Lophocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Marginatocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Mitrocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Pterocereus T.MacDoug. & Miranda
- Peniocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Cullmannia Distefano, Neoevansia W.T.Marshall, Nyctocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose
- Polaskia Backeb.
- synonyms: Chichipia Backeb. (nom. inval.), Heliabravoa Backeb.
- Pseudoacanthocereus F.Ritter
- Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.
- synonyms: Hertrichocereus Backeb., Isolatocereus Backeb., Isolatocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Machaerocereus Britton & Rose, Marshallocereus Backeb., Neolemaireocereus Backeb., Rathbunia Britton & Rose, Ritterocereus Backeb.
Tribe Rhipsalideae
edit
- Hatiora Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Epiphyllopsis Backeb. & F.M.Knuth, Hariota DC., Pseudozygocactus Backeb., Rhipsalidopsis Britton & Rose
- Lepismium Pfeiff.
- synonyms: Acanthorhipsalis (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Acanthorhipsalis Kimnach, Pfeiffera Salm-Dyck
- synonyms: Cassytha Mill., Erythrorhipsalis A.Berger, Hariota Adans., Lymanbensonia Kimnach
- Schlumbergera Lem. – Christmas cactus, Easter cactus
- synonyms: Epiphyllanthus A.Berger, Epiphyllum Pfeiff., Opuntiopsis Knebel (nom. inval.), Zygocactus K.Schum., Zygocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)
Tribe Trichocereeae
edit- Acanthocalycium Backeb.
- synonyms: Spinicalycium Fric (nom. inval.)
- Arthrocereus A.Berger
- Brachycereus Britton & Rose
- Cleistocactus Lem.
- synonyms: Akersia Buining, Bolivicereus Cárdenas, Borzicactella H.Johnson ex F.Ritter, Borzicactus Riccob, Borzicereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter, Cleistocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Clistanthocereus Backeb., Demnosa Fric, Gymnanthocereus Backeb., Hildewintera F.Ritter, Loxanthocereus Backeb., Maritimocereus Akers, Pseudoechinocereus Buining (nom. inval.), Seticereus Backeb., Seticleistocactus Backeb., Winteria F.Ritter, Winterocereus Backeb.
- Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter – see Cleistocactus
- Denmoza Britton & Rose
- Discocactus Pfeiff.
- Echinopsis Zucc. – San Pedro cactus
- synonyms: Acantholobivia Backeb., Acanthopetalus Y.Itô, Andenea Fric (nom. inval.), Aureilobivia Fric, nom. inval., Chamaecereus Britton & Rose, Chamaelobivia Y. Itô (nom. inval.), Cinnabarinea Fric ex F.Ritter, Echinolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Echinonyctanthus Lem., Furiolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Helianthocereus Backeb, Heterolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Hymenorebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.), Hymenorebutia Fric ex Buining, Leucostele Backeb., Lobirebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Lobivia Britton & Rose, Lobiviopsis Fric (nom. inval.), Megalobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Mesechinopsis Y.Itô, Neolobivia Y.Itô, Pilopsis Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Pseudolobivia (Backeb.) Backeb., Rebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.), Salpingolobivia Y.Itô, Scoparebutia Fric & Kreuz. ex Buining, Setiechinopsis (Backeb.) de Haas, Soehrensia Backeb., Trichocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.
- Espostoa Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Binghamia Britton & Rose, Pseudoespostoa Backeb., Thrixanthocereus Backeb.,
- Espostoopsis Buxb.
- synonyms: Gerocephalus F.Ritter
- Facheiroa Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Zehntnerella Britton & Rose
- Gymnocalycium Pfeiff. ex Mittler – chin cactus
- synonyms: Brachycalycium Backeb.
- Haageocereus Backeb.
- synonyms: Floresia Krainz & F.Ritter ex Backeb. (nom. inval.), Haageocactus Backeb. (nom. inval.), Lasiocereus F.Ritter, Neobinghamia Backeb., Peruvocereus Akers
- × Haagespostoa G.D.Rowley
- [= Haageocereus × Espostoa]
- Harrisia Britton – apple cactus
- synonyms: Eriocereus (A.Berger) Riccob., Roseocereus Backeb.
- Lasiocereus F.Ritter – see Haageocereus
- Leocereus Britton & Rose
- Matucana Britton & Rose
- synonyms: Eomatucana F.Ritter
- Mila Britton & Rose
- Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.
- synonyms: Arequipa Britton & Rose, Arequipiopsis Kreuz. & Buining, Morawetzia Backeb., Submatucana Backeb.
- Oroya Britton & Rose
- Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson & Backeb.
- Rauhocereus Backeb.
- Rebutia K.Schum.
- synonyms: Aylostera Speg., Bridgesia Backeb., Cylindrorebutia Fric & Kreuz., Digitorebutia Fric & Kreuz., Echinorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Eurebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Gymnantha Y.Itô, Mediolobivia Backeb., Mediorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Neogymnantha Y.Itô, Reicheocactus Backeb., Setirebutia Fric & Kreuz. (nom. inval.), Spegazzinia Backeb., Sulcorebutia Backeb., Weingartia Werderm.
- Samaipaticereus Cárdenas
- Weberbauerocereus Backeb.
- synonyms: Meyenia Backeb.
- Vatricania Backeb.
- Yungasocereus F.Ritter
Notes and references
edit- ^ a b c Nyffeler, R. & Eggli, U. (2010), "A farewell to dated ideas and concepts: molecular phylogenetics and a revised suprageneric classification of the family Cactaceae", Schumannia, 6: 109–149, doi:10.5167/uzh-43285, S2CID 89650660
- ^ a b c Anderson 2001, pp. 99–103
- ^ Hunt, D.R., ed. (2006), The New Cactus Lexicon (two volumes), Milborne Port: dh books, ISBN 978-0-9538134-4-5, cited in Bárcenas, Yesson & Hawkins 2011
- ^ a b c Bárcenas, Rolando T.; Yesson, Chris & Hawkins, Julie A. (2011), "Molecular systematics of the Cactaceae", Cladistics, 27 (5): 470–489, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00350.x, PMID 34875796, S2CID 83525136
- ^ a b Edwards, Erika J.; Nyffeler, Reto & Donoghue, Michael J. (2005), "Basal cactus phylogeny: implications of Pereskia (Cactaceae) paraphyly for the transition to the cactus life form", American Journal of Botany, 92 (7): 1177–1188, doi:10.3732/ajb.92.7.1177, PMID 21646140
- ^ a b c d Wallace, R.S. & Dickie, S.L. (2002), "Systematic implication of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in subfam. Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)", Succulent Plant Research, 6: 9–24, cited in Griffith & Porter 2009
- ^ Griffith, M. Patrick & Porter, J. Mark (2009), "Phylogeny of Opuntioideae (Cactaceae)", International Journal of Plant Sciences, 170 (1): 107–116, doi:10.1086/593048, S2CID 85142301. Tree based on fig. 1 with tribes from fig. 2.
- ^ Griffith & Porter 2009, p. 114
- ^ Hernández-Hernández, Tania; Hernández, Héctor M.; De-Nova, J. Arturo; Puente, Raul; Eguiarte, Luis E. & Magallón, Susana (2011), "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of growth form in Cactaceae (Caryophyllales, Eudicotyledoneae)", American Journal of Botany, 98 (1): 44–61, doi:10.3732/ajb.1000129, PMID 21613084
- ^ Hunt, David (2016), CITES Cactaceae Checklist (PDF) (3rd ed.), Royal Botanic Gardens, ISBN 978-0-9933113-2-1, retrieved 2017-03-30
- ^ a b c Anderson 2001, pp. 100–103
- ^ a b c "Family: Cactaceae Juss., nom. cons. subfam. Opuntioideae", Germplasm Resources Information Network, United States Department of Agriculture, 2004-02-13, archived from the original on 2012-08-25, retrieved 2012-03-26
- ^ Bárcenas, Rolando, Héctor M. Hernández, Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, and Luis Manuel Montoya Gómez (2021). Chichimecactus (Cactoideae, Cactaceae), a new genus based on molecular characterisation of highly endangered Strombocactus species. Phytotaxa Vol. 512 No. 3: 27 July 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.512.3.2
- ^ Kiesling, R. & Ferrari, O. (2003), "Yavia cryptocarpa – conservation action on a new and interesting cactus", British Cactus and Succulent Journal, 21 (1): 20–25
Bibliography
edit- Anderson, Edward F. (2001), The Cactus Family, Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press, ISBN 978-0-88192-498-5