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Pinellas County, Florida

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Pinellas County (US: /pɪˈnɛləs/, pih-NEL-əss) is a county located on the west central coast of the U.S. state of Florida.[2] As of the 2020 census, the population was 959,107, making it the seventh-most populous county in the state.[3] It is also the most densely populated county in Florida, with 3,491 residents per square mile. The county is part of the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater Metropolitan Statistical Area.[2] Clearwater is the county seat.[4] St. Petersburg is the largest city in the county, as well as the largest city in Florida that is not a county seat.[2]

Pinellas County
County
Clearwater Beach
Clearwater Beach
Official logo of Pinellas County
Logo
Map of Florida highlighting Pinellas County
Location within the U.S. state of Florida
Map of the United States highlighting Florida
Florida's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 27°54′N 82°44′W / 27.90°N 82.74°W / 27.90; -82.74
Country United States
State Florida
FoundedJanuary 1, 1912
Named forSpanish Punta Piñal ("Point of Pines")
SeatClearwater
Largest citySt. Petersburg
Area
 • Total608 sq mi (1,570 km2)
 • Land274 sq mi (710 km2)
 • Water334 sq mi (870 km2)  55.0%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total959,107
 • Estimate 
(2023)
Increase 961,596[1]
 • Density3,491/sq mi (1,348/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts13th, 14th
Websitewww.pinellas.gov

History

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View from the top of the Tocobaga mound at Philippe Park
 
Marker at the site of the 1528 Narvaez landing, Jungle Prada, St. Petersburg
 
The McMullen-Coachman Log Cabin, built in 1852, is located at Heritage Village in Largo, Florida, and is the oldest standing structure in Pinellas County[5]
 
The Belleview-Biltmore Hotel built by Henry Plant
 
Battery and guns at Fort De Soto
 
The original span of the Gandy Bridge
 
The Renaissance Vinoy Hotel

Pre-European settlement

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When Europeans first reached the Pinellas peninsula, the Tampa Bay area was inhabited by people of the Safety Harbor culture. The Safety Harbor culture area was divided into chiefdoms. One documented chiefdom in what is now Pinellas County was that of the Tocobaga, who occupied a town and large temple mound, the Safety Harbor site, overlooking the bay in what is now Safety Harbor.[6] The modern site is protected and can be visited as part of the County's Philippe Park.

Spanish and British Florida

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During the early 16th century Spanish explorers discovered and slowly began exploring Florida, including Tampa Bay. In 1528 Pánfilo de Narváez landed in Pinellas, and 10 years later Hernando de Soto is thought to have explored the Tampa Bay area. By the early 18th century the Tocobaga had been virtually annihilated, having fallen victim to European diseases from which they had no immunity, as well as European conflicts. Later Spanish explorers named the area Punta Piñal (Spanish for "Point of Pines" or "Piney Point"). After trading hands multiple times between the British and the Spanish, Spain finally ceded Florida to the United States in 1821, and in 1823 the U.S. Army established Fort Brooke (later Tampa).

Settlement of West Hillsborough

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In 1834 much of west central Florida, including the Pinellas peninsula (then known simply as West Hillsborough), was organized as Hillsborough County.[7] The very next year Odet Philippe, a French Huguenot from Charleston, South Carolina became the first permanent, non-native resident of the peninsula when he established a plantation near the site of the Tocobaga village in Safety Harbor. It was Philippe who first introduced both citrus culture and cigar-making to Florida.[8][9][10]

Around the same time, the United States Army began construction of Fort Harrison, named after William Henry Harrison, as a rest post for soldiers from nearby Fort Brooke during the Second Seminole War. The new fort was located on a bluff overlooking Clear Water Harbor, which later became part of an early 20th-century residential development (now historic district) called Harbor Oaks. University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1977 after Alfred C. Wyllie discovered an underground ammunition bunker while digging a swimming pool on his estate. Clearwater would later become the first organized community on the peninsula as well as the site of its first post office.

The Armed Occupation Act, passed in 1842, encouraged further settlement of Pinellas, like all of Florida, by offering 160 acres (0.65 km2) to anyone who would bear arms and cultivate the land. Pioneer families like the Booths, the Coachmans, the Marstons, and the McMullens established homesteads in the area in the years following, planting more citrus groves and raising cattle. During the American Civil War, many residents fought for the Confederate States of America. Brothers James and Daniel McMullen [11] were members of the Confederate Cow Cavalry, driving Florida cattle to Georgia and the Carolinas to help sustain the war effort. John W. Marston served in the 9th Florida Regiment as a part of the Appomattox Campaign. Many other residents served in other capacities. Otherwise the peninsula had virtually no significance during the war, and the war largely passed the area by.[12]

On September 27, 1848, a strong hurricane struck the West Coast of Florida. It separated the barrier island on the coast and created a waterway known today as John's Pass. John Levique, along with Joseph Silva, was the one who discovered it and named it after himself and is now a federally owned canal.[citation needed]

Tarpon Springs became West Hillsborough's first incorporated city in 1887, and in 1888 the Orange Belt Railway was extended into the southern portion of the peninsula. Railroad owner Peter Demens named the town that grew near the railroad's terminus St. Petersburg in honor of his hometown. The town would incorporate in 1892. Other major towns in the county incorporated during this time were Clearwater (1891), Dunedin (1899), and Largo (1905).

Construction of Fort De Soto, on Mullet Key facing the mouth of Tampa Bay, was begun in 1898 during the Spanish–American War to protect Tampa Bay from potential invading forces. The fort, a subpost of Fort Dade on adjacent Egmont Key (which lies in the mouth of Tampa Bay), was equipped with artillery and mortar batteries.[13]

Birth of Pinellas County

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Even into the early years of the 20th century, West Hillsborough had no paved roads, and transportation posed a major challenge. A trip to the county seat, across the bay in Tampa, was generally an overnight affair and the automobiles that existed on the peninsula at that time would frequently become bogged down in the muck after rainstorms. Angry at what was perceived as neglect by the county government, residents of Pinellas began a push to secede from Hillsborough. They succeeded, and on January 1, 1912, Pinellas County came into being.[14][15] The peninsula, along with a small part of the mainland were incorporated into the new county.

Land boom and prohibition

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Aviation history was made in St. Petersburg on January 1, 1914, when Tony Jannus made the world's first scheduled commercial airline flight with the St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line from St. Petersburg to Tampa. The popular open-air St. Petersburg concert venue Jannus Live (formerly known as Jannus Landing) memorializes the flight.

The early 1920s saw the beginning of a land boom in much of Florida, including Pinellas. During this period municipalities issued a large number of bonds to keep pace with the needed infrastructure, such as roads and bridges. The travel time to Tampa was cut in half—from 43 to 19 miles (69 to 31 km)—by the opening of the Gandy Bridge in 1924, along the same route Jannus' airline used. It was the longest automobile toll bridge in the world at the time.

Prohibition was unpopular in the area and the peninsula's inlets and islands were used by rum-runners bringing in liquor from Cuba. Others distilled moonshine in the County's still plentiful woods.[16]

Great Depression and World War II

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As was the case in much of Florida, the Great Depression came early to Pinellas with the collapse of the real estate boom in 1926. Local economies came into severe difficulties, and by 1930, St. Petersburg defaulted on its bonds. Only after World War II would significant growth return to the area. During the war, the area's tourist industry collapsed, but thousands of recruits came to the area when the U.S. military decided to use the area for training. Area hotels became barracks. The Vinoy Park Hotel was used as an Army training school. The area's women and girls participated in the war effort as well. Hundreds of girls from the area's most prominent families formed a group called the Bomb-a-Dears, holding dances, socializing with recruits, and selling war bonds.[17] After the war many of these same soldiers remembered their wartime experience in Pinellas well, and returned as tourists or residents.

Recent history

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With the end of the Second World War, Pinellas would enter another period of rapid growth and development. In 1954 the original span of the Sunshine Skyway Bridge was opened, replacing earlier ferry service. By 1957 Clearwater was America's fastest growing city.[18]

Tragedy struck on May 9, 1980, when the southbound span of the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge was struck by the freighter MV Summit Venture during a storm, sending over 1,200 feet (370 m) of the bridge plummeting into Tampa Bay. The collision caused seven personal vehicles and a Greyhound bus to fall 150 feet (46 m) into the water, killing 35 people.[19][20][21] The new bridge opened in 1987 and has since been listed as #3 of the "Top 10 Bridges" in the World by the Travel Channel.[22]

The county operates a 21-acre (8.5 ha) living history museum called Heritage Village containing more than 28 historic structures, some dating back to the 19th century, where visitors can experience what life was once like in Pinellas.

Pinellas County celebrated 100 years of existence on January 1, 2012.

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 608 square miles (1,570 km2), of which 274 square miles (710 km2) is land and 334 square miles (870 km2) (55.0%) is water.[23] It is the second-smallest county in Florida by land area, larger than only Union County. Pinellas forms a peninsula bounded on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and on the south and east by Tampa Bay. It is 38 miles (61 km) long and 15 miles (24 km) wide at its broadest point, with 587 miles (945 km) of coastline.[24]

Physical geography

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Honeymoon Island State Park near Dunedin, one of the county's barrier islands
 
The Anclote Key Light
 
Gizella Kopsick Palm Arboretum in St. Petersburg

Elevation in the county ranges from mean sea level to its highest natural point of 110 feet (34 m) near the intersection of SR 580 and Countryside Blvd. in Clearwater.[25] Due to its small size and high population, by the early 21st century Pinellas County has been mostly built out, with very little developable land left available. The county has maintained a fairly large system of parks and preserves that provide residents and visitors retreat from the city and a glimpse of the peninsula's original state.

Geologically, Pinellas is underlain by a series of limestone formations, the Hawthorne limestone and the Tampa limestone. The limestone is porous and stores a large quantity of water. The Hawthorne formation forms a prominent ridge down the spine of the county, from east of Dunedin, south to the Walsingham area and east towards St. Petersburg.[26]

The 35 miles of beaches and dunes which make up the county's 11 barrier islands provide habitat for coastal species, serve as critical storm protection for the inland communities, and form the basis of the area's thriving tourism industry. The islands are dynamic, with wave action building some islands further up, eroding others, and forming entirely new islands over time. Though hurricanes are infrequent on this part of Florida's coast, they have had a major impact on the islands, with the Hurricane of 1848 forming John's Pass between Madeira Beach and Treasure Island, a hurricane in 1921 creating Hurricane Pass and cleaving Hog Island into Honeymoon and Caladesi Islands, and 1985's Hurricane Elena sealing Dunedin Pass to join Caladesi with Clearwater Beach.[27]

Between the barrier islands and the peninsula are several bodies of water, through which traverses a section of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. From north to south they are: St. Joseph Sound between the islands and Dunedin, Clearwater Harbor between Clearwater and Clearwater Beach, and Boca Ciega Bay in the southern third of the county. Connecting Clearwater Harbor to Boca Ciega Bay is a thin, approximately 3.5-mile (5.6 km) stretch of water known as The Narrows, which runs next to the town of Indian Shores.

Extending from northeastern Boca Ciega Bay, Long Bayou separates Seminole from St. Petersburg near Bay Pines. Long Bayou once extended significantly farther up the peninsula until the northern portion was sealed off to create Lake Seminole. Extending further still from Long Bayou, the Cross Bayou Canal traverses the peninsula, crossing Pinellas Park in a northeasterly direction before emptying into Tampa Bay on the northwest side of St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport.

Barrier islands and passes

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National protected area

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State protected areas

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County parks and preserves

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Source:[28]

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  •  
    Brooker Creek Nature Preserve walkway
  •  
    View of Lake Tarpon from John Chestnut Park
  •  
    Wall Springs View of St Joseph Sound from the old observation tower
  •  
    Sunset at Fred Howard Park
 
Anderson Park Panorama

Other protected areas

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Boyd Hill Nature Preserve: A 245-acre (99 ha) park on the shores of Lake Maggiore in south St. Petersburg, operated by the city and featuring a nature center, bird-of-prey aviary, and over three miles of trails through a variety of ecosystems.[29]

Adjacent counties

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Hillsborough County extends along the shipping channel towards Egmont Key and into the Gulf of Mexico, separating Pinellas County from Manatee County.

Ecosystems

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Cabbage palms, the state tree of Florida
 
The brown pelican is commonly seen along the Gulf coast

Plant life

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Several natural communities exist within the county, including areas of freshwater wetlands (dominated by bald cypresses and ferns), coastal mangrove swamps, sporadic hardwood hammocks (dominated by laurel oaks and live oaks, cabbage palms, and southern magnolias), low-lying, poorly drained pine flatwoods (dominated by longleaf pines and saw palmettos), and well-drained, upland sandhills (dominated by longleaf pines and turkey oaks) and sand pine scrub (dominated by sand pines, saw palmettos, and various oaks). Offshore ecosystems include the Tampa Bay estuary and numerous gulf seagrass beds. The county also maintains several artificial reefs.

Animal life

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Numerous bird species can be sighted in Pinellas, either as permanent residents or during the winter migration, including wading birds like great blue herons, egrets, white ibises and roseate spoonbills, aquatic birds like brown pelicans, white pelicans, and cormorants, numerous species of shorebirds, and very-common birds like seagulls and passerines like the blue jay, mockingbird, and crow. Ospreys are a commonly seen bird-of-prey, with other birds of prey like turkey vultures, red tailed hawks, great horned owls, screech owls, barn owls, and bald eagles, among others, seen as well.

Gopher tortoises are found in many areas, the burrows they dig making them a keystone species. Coyotes, though often associated with the American West, are native-to and can be found in Pinellas. White-tailed deer, wild turkeys, bobcats, otters, and alligators can be found in the county as well.

Sea turtles nest on the shores or Pinellas' barrier islands and have been threatened by development. Offshore, dolphins, sharks, and manatees are numerous as well, while closer inshore stingrays are a common sight, leading those in-the-know to do the "stingray shuffle" (shuffling up the sand to scare nearby stingrays off) when entering gulf waters. Species of fish commonly caught in the waters surrounding the county include spotted seatrout, red drum or redfish, snook, pompano, sheepshead, Spanish mackerel, grouper, mullet, flounder, kingfish, and tarpon.

Invasive species

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Like much of Florida, Pinellas County is home to several invasive species that propagate easily outside their (and their natural predators') native range. Examples of commonly seen invasives include Brazilian pepper, water hyacinth, Australian pine, melaleuca and air potato. These species are considered serious pests, and varying methods have been tried to eradicate them. Examples of invasive animals include the wild boar, which poses significant health and agricultural problems in Florida and can sometimes be found in Pinellas, and the monk parakeet, small flocks of which can sometimes be seen in flight or building nests on electrical poles or telecommunications towers.[30] There is also a large flock of feral peacocks residing in St. Petersburg's Jungle Terrace, Jungle Prada and Disston Heights neighborhoods.[31]

Pinellas gained some national attention as the home of the Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay, a non-native, feral rhesus macaque that had been on the loose for approximately three years in the south of the county. No one was sure where the monkey came from, and a Facebook page set up for the monkey had over 84,000 likes (as of October 2012). The monkey was the subject of a sketch on the March 11, 2010, episode of the Colbert Report. As of February 2012, the monkey had apparently taken up semi-permanent residence behind a family's home at an undisclosed location in St. Petersburg, according to the Tampa Bay Times.[32] Efforts to capture the monkey were reignited after it reportedly bit a woman living near where it had taken up residence, and the monkey was captured in late October 2012 and eventually was sent to live at Dade City's Wild Things, a 22-acre (8.9 ha) zoo north of Tampa.

Climate

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Cumulonimbus clouds like this one are a frequent sight during the rainy season
Main article: Climate of the Tampa Bay area

Pinellas, like the rest of the Tampa Bay area, has a humid subtropical climate, resulting in warm, humid summers with frequent thunderstorms, and drier winters. Pinellas County's geographic position- lying on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico introduces large amounts of humidity into the atmosphere and serves to moderate temperatures. The geography of the peninsula also causes some variance in the county's average temperatures. St. Petersburg, further south on the peninsula, tends to have warmer daily average lows (by about 3 degrees) than areas such as Dunedin and Palm Harbor further north, though daily highs are very close. The north of the county also has fewer overall days of rain, but higher total annual precipitation when measured in inches, the county's south being prone to shorter, more frequent thunderstorms especially in the late summer.

Freezing temperatures occur only every 2–3 years, with freezing precipitation occurring extremely rarely. Springs are usually short, mild, and dry, with occasional late-season cold fronts. Summertime weather is very consistent, with highs in the low 90s °F (around 32 °C), lows in the mid-70s °F (around 24 °C), accompanied by high humidity and an almost daily chance of afternoon thundershowers. The area experiences significant rainfall during its summer months (approximately May through October), with nearly two-thirds of annual precipitation falling between the months of June and September. The area is occasionally affected by tropical storms and hurricanes, but has not suffered a direct hit since 1921. Fall, like spring, is usually mild and dry, with the hurricane season extending through November and sometimes affecting the area.

Many portions of south Pinellas, especially near the bay and gulf, have tropical microclimates. Tropical trees such as coconut palms and royal palms and fruit trees like mangoes grow very well in these microclimates.

Climate data for St. Petersburg, Florida
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 69.3
(20.7) 		70.7
(21.5) 		75.2
(24.0) 		80
(27) 		85.8
(29.9) 		89.2
(31.8) 		90.2
(32.3) 		89.9
(32.2) 		88.2
(31.2) 		83
(28) 		76.6
(24.8) 		71.1
(21.7) 		80.8
(27.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 54
(12) 		55.2
(12.9) 		59.7
(15.4) 		64.6
(18.1) 		70.8
(21.6) 		75.2
(24.0) 		76.6
(24.8) 		76.8
(24.9) 		75.8
(24.3) 		70
(21) 		62.9
(17.2) 		56.3
(13.5) 		66.5
(19.2)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 2.76
(70) 		2.87
(73) 		3.29
(84) 		1.92
(49) 		2.80
(71) 		6.09
(155) 		6.72
(171) 		8.26
(210) 		7.59
(193) 		2.64
(67) 		2.04
(52) 		2.60
(66) 		49.58
(1,259)
Average rainy days 6.3 6.1 6.1 4.2 5 10.3 13.5 14.2 12 5.9 5 5.5 94.1
Source: NOAA[33]
Climate data for Dunedin, Florida
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 69
(21) 		72
(22) 		75
(24) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		89
(32) 		90
(32) 		90
(32) 		88
(31) 		83
(28) 		77
(25) 		71
(22) 		80.75
(27.08)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 50
(10) 		53
(12) 		57
(14) 		62
(17) 		68
(20) 		73
(23) 		75
(24) 		75
(24) 		72
(22) 		66
(19) 		59
(15) 		53
(12) 		63.58
(17.54)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 2.99
(76) 		3.05
(77) 		3.81
(97) 		2.37
(60) 		2.02
(51) 		6.69
(170) 		8.09
(205) 		8.32
(211) 		6.99
(178) 		3.31
(84) 		2.15
(55) 		2.95
(75) 		52.74
(1,340)
Average rainy days 4.3 3.9 4.5 3.4 3.6 9.6 11 11.6 8.3 4.1 3.2 3.6 71.1
Source: Weather Channel[34]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
192028,265—
193062,149119.9%
194091,85247.8%
1950159,24973.4%
1960374,665135.3%
1970522,32939.4%
1980728,53139.5%
1990851,65916.9%
2000921,4828.2%
2010916,542−0.5%
2020959,1074.6%
2023 (est.)961,596[35]0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[36]
1790–1960[37] 1900–1990[38]
1990–2000[39] 2010–2021[40] 2022[41]

List of cities by population

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The following is a list of all cities, towns, and census-designated places in Pinellas County, Florida.

Source: 2010 Florida Census of Population and Housing[42]

Name Type 2010 census
St. Petersburg City 244,769
Clearwater City 107,685
Largo City 77,648
Palm Harbor CDP 57,439
Pinellas Park City 49,079
Dunedin City 35,962
East Lake CDP 30,962
Tarpon Springs City 23,484
Lealman CDP 19,879
Seminole City 17,233
Safety Harbor City 16,884
West Lealman CDP 15,651
Oldsmar City 13,591
Gulfport City 12,029
Bardmoor CDP 9,732
St. Pete Beach City 9,346
Treasure Island City 6,705
South Highpoint CDP 5,195
Kenneth City Town 4,980
South Pasadena City 4,964
Madeira Beach City 4,263
Indian Rocks Beach City 4,113
Belleair Town 3,869
Tierra Verde CDP 3,721
Feather Sound CDP 3,420
Bay Pines CDP 2,931
Harbor Bluffs CDP 2,860
Ridgecrest CDP 2,558
Greenbriar CDP 2,502
Redington Shores Town 2,121
Belleair Bluffs City 2,031
Bear Creek CDP 1,948
Belleair Beach City 1,560
Redington Beach Town 1,427
Indian Shores Town 1,420
North Redington Beach Town 1,417
Belleair Shore Town 109

2020 census

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Pinellas County racial composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Pop 2010[45] Pop 2020[46] % 2010 % 2020
White (NH) 704,786 684,463 76.9% 71.36%
Black or African American (NH) 91,922 91,431 10.03% 9.53%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 2,066 1,942 0.23% 0.2%
Asian (NH) 26,749 33,700 2.92% 3.51%
Pacific Islander (NH) 724 797 0.08% 0.08%
Some Other Race (NH) 1,802 4,835 0.2% 0.5%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 15,252 39,500 1.66% 4.12%
Hispanic or Latino 73,241 102,439 7.99% 10.68%
Total 916,542 959,107

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 959,107 people, 413,239 households, and 232,884 families residing in the county.

2010 census

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U.S. Census Bureau 2010 Ethnic/Race Demographics:[47][48]

In 2010, 6.5% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity.)[47]

There were 415,876 households, out of which 19.89% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.33% were married couples living together, 11.86% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.67% were non-families. 35.42% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.14% (4.53% male and 10.61% female) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79.[48][51]

The age distribution is 17.8% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.3 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.[51]

The median income for a household in the county was $45,258, and the median income for a family was $58,335. Males had a median income of $41,537 versus $35,003 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,742. About 8.1% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those aged 65 or over.[52]

In 2010, 11.2% of the county's population was foreign born, with 50.3% being naturalized American citizens. Of foreign-born residents, 33.6% were born in Europe, 32.1% were born in Latin America, 20.9% born in Asia, 9.8% in North America, 3.0% born in Africa, and 0.6% were born in Oceania.[47]

2000 census

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As of 2000, there were 921,482 people, 414,968 households, and 243,171 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,271/km2 (3,292/sq mi), making it the most densely populated county in Florida. There were 481,573 housing units at an average density of 1,720 per square mile (660/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 85.85% White (82.8% were Non-Hispanic White,)[53] 8.96% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 2.06% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. 4.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 414,968 households, out of which 22.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.80% were married couples living together, 10.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.40% were non-families. 34.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.77.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 19.30% under the age of 18, 6.40% from 18 to 24, 27.30% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 22.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.80 males.

In 2000, 87.8% of persons age 25 or above were high school graduates, slightly above Florida's average of 84.9% for Florida. 26.7% of persons age 25 or above held a Bachelor's degree or higher, also slightly higher than Florida's rate of 25.6%.[54]

The median income for a household in the county was $37,111, and the median income for a family was $46,925. Males had a median income of $32,264 versus $26,281 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,497. About 6.70% of families and 10.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.90% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.

In 2000, as Florida's 6th and the nation's 53rd most populous county, Pinellas has a population greater than that of the individual states of Wyoming, Montana, Delaware, South Dakota, Alaska, North Dakota, and Vermont, as well as the District of Columbia. With a population density (as of the 2000 census) of 3292 inhabitants/mi2, Pinellas County is by far the most densely populated county in the state, more than double that of Broward County, the next most densely populated.[55]

Languages

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As of 2010, 87.17% of all residents spoke English as their first language, while 5.56% spoke Spanish, 0.78% Vietnamese, 0.70% French, 0.65% Greek, 0.56% German, and 0.52% of the population spoke Serbo-Croatian as their mother language.[56] In total, 12.83% of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language.[56]

Government

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The Old Pinellas County Courthouse in Clearwater

The Board of County Commissioners governs all unincorporated areas of the county under the state's constitution, with the power to adopt ordinances, approve the county budget, set millages, and provide services. The county's municipalities, while governing their own affairs, may call upon the county for specialized services.[57] The county administrator, appointed by and reporting to the Board, oversees most of the day-to-day operations of the county.[58]

As of 2023, The members of the Board are as follows:

  • Janet Long: At-Large District #1 (2012–present)
  • Brian Scott: At-Large District #2 (2022–present)
  • Charlie Justice: At-Large District #3 (2012–present)
  • Dave Eggers, Single-Member District #4 (2014–present)
  • Chris Latvala, Single-Member District #5 (2022–present)
  • Kathleen Peters: Single-Member District #6 (2019–present)
  • Rene Flowers: Single-Member District #7 (2020–present)
  • Barry Burton: County Administrator (2018–present)

The county's government website won a "Sunny Award" from Sunshine Review in 2010 for its proactive disclosure of government data.[59]

Politics

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United States presidential election results for Pinellas County, Florida[60]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 269,272 52.18% 242,229 46.94% 4,552 0.88%
2020 276,209 49.22% 277,450 49.44% 7,502 1.34%
2016 239,201 48.08% 233,701 46.98% 24,583 4.94%
2012 213,258 46.45% 239,104 52.08% 6,750 1.47%
2008 210,066 45.16% 248,299 53.38% 6,787 1.46%
2004 225,686 49.56% 225,460 49.51% 4,211 0.92%
2000 184,849 46.38% 200,657 50.35% 13,020 3.27%
1996 152,155 40.44% 184,748 49.10% 39,369 10.46%
1992 159,121 37.63% 160,528 37.96% 103,202 24.41%
1988 211,049 57.76% 152,420 41.72% 1,901 0.52%
1984 240,612 65.16% 128,574 34.82% 63 0.02%
1980 185,728 53.83% 138,428 40.12% 20,847 6.04%
1976 150,003 50.75% 141,879 48.00% 3,687 1.25%
1972 179,541 69.83% 77,197 30.02% 378 0.15%
1968 109,235 51.71% 68,209 32.29% 33,814 16.01%
1964 80,414 44.98% 98,381 55.02% 0 0.00%
1960 101,779 63.68% 58,054 36.32% 0 0.00%
1956 74,314 72.55% 28,113 27.45% 0 0.00%
1952 55,691 71.35% 22,365 28.65% 0 0.00%
1948 24,900 55.92% 15,724 35.32% 3,900 8.76%
1944 14,340 42.28% 19,574 57.72% 0 0.00%
1940 13,327 41.30% 18,941 58.70% 0 0.00%
1936 8,183 40.40% 12,072 59.60% 0 0.00%
1932 7,024 42.07% 9,670 57.93% 0 0.00%
1928 10,545 74.52% 3,439 24.30% 167 1.18%
1924 2,872 47.53% 2,633 43.57% 538 8.90%
1920 2,529 43.46% 2,848 48.94% 442 7.60%
1916 555 22.86% 1,503 61.90% 370 15.24%
1912 87 6.14% 853 60.16% 478 33.71%

In national politics, Pinellas County, was one of the first areas of Florida to break from the Solid South and elect Republicans to public office. Riding on the coattails of Herbert Hoover's victory in the 1928 election, Albert R. Welsh was elected to the Florida Senate and Kenneth W. Kerr to the Florida House of Representatives.[61][62] In that same election, Gladstone R. Beattie, became the Pinellas County Sheriff and first Republican sheriff in Florida since Reconstruction, and Harry R. Hewitt became the Pinellas County Judge and the first Republican county judge in Florida.[63] In 1951, Pinellas was the first county to send a majority-Republican delegation to the Florida House of Representatives in the twentieth-century.[62]

From 1948 to 1988, it went Republican in every presidential election except Lyndon Johnson's 44-state landslide of 1964. However, for the last quarter-century, as part of the I-4 Corridor stretching from Tampa Bay to Orlando, Florida, it has been a powerful swing county in one of the nation's most critical swing states. Voter registration is almost tied, with Republicans having a small plurality of registered voters. It is closely divided between predominantly liberal St. Petersburg and its predominantly suburban and conservative north and beaches. Due in part to the more populated southern portion around St. Petersburg, it has supported a Democrat for president in all but three elections since 1992. The brand of Republicanism in Pinellas County has traditionally been a moderate one, so the county has become friendlier to Democrats as a result of the national GOP having shifted right.[64]

In 2000, Al Gore became the first Democrat to win a majority of the county's vote since 1964, and only the second since Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 2004, Pinellas County swung the other way when George W. Bush carried the county by a narrow plurality of 49.56% (225,686 votes), with John Kerry following closely behind with 49.51% (225,460 votes)—a margin of just 226 votes. In the 2012 Presidential Election, Barack Obama won Pinellas with 52% of the vote (239,104 votes) to Mitt Romney's 46.5% (213,258 votes), slightly narrower than Obama's 2008 election results in Pinellas of 53% (248,299 votes) to John McCain's 45% (210,066 votes).[65] Republican victories in the county since Bush in 1988 have been narrow pluralities. The exception to this is Donald Trump in 2024, who won the county with over 52% of the vote.

The county is considered a bellwether politically.[66]

In the 2012 U.S. Senate election, Pinellas voters helped re-elect U.S. Senator Bill Nelson over challenger Connie Mack IV with 59% of the vote, greater than his statewide average of 55%. In the 2010 U.S. Senate election, Pinellas was one of only four Florida counties won by outgoing Republican Governor Charlie Crist, a St. Petersburg native, who won 42% of Pinellas voters running as an Independent in a three-way race with Republican nominee (and eventual winner) Marco Rubio and former Democratic U.S. Representative Kendrick Meek, who won 37% and 16.8% of the Pinellas vote, respectively. Statewide, Rubio won almost 49% of the vote to Crist's 29.7% and Meek's 20%[67] in a highly polarized election that would witness Crist depart from the Republican Party and eventually become a Democrat.[68]

In the House of Representatives, most of Pinellas is represented by Republican Anna Paulina Luna of the 13th district. Most of the city of St. Petersburg, including the most Democratic parts of Pinellas, is represented by Democrat Kathy Castor of the 14th district, which spans the Tampa Bay. The way this map has been drawn has been considered an example of a pro-Republican gerrymander, given the previous Democratic lean of the 13th.[69]

In state politics, portions of Pinellas are represented in the Florida Senate by Democratic State Senator Darryl Rouson (District 16) and Republican State Senators Nick DiCeglie (District 18) and Ed Hooper (District 21). In the Florida House parts of the county are represented by Republicans Adam Anderson (District 57-Palm Harbor, Tarpon Springs), Kimberly Berfield (District 58-Clearwater), Berny Jacques (District 59-Largo), and Linda Chaney (District 59), as well as Democrat Lindsay Cross (District 60- Pinellas Park). Portions of St. Pete are also included in District 62, represented by Michele Rayner-Goolsby.

Voter registration

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Party Number of Voters %
Republican 236,269 37.99
Democratic 203,666 32.75
Other 181,999 29.26
Total 621,934 100
Source:[70]

Education

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Stetson University College of Law in Gulfport

Primary and secondary education

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The entire county is served by the Pinellas County School District.[71] The current superintendent is Kevin Hendrick. The district, the nation's 24th largest, comprises 143 schools, including 72 elementary schools, 18 middle schools, two K–8 schools, 17 high schools, and 35 additional facilities including ESE, adult ed, career/technical, and charters. The district also operates the K–12 Pinellas Virtual School. Among the many notable magnet programs in the district are three International Baccalaureate (IB) programs, at St. Petersburg High School, Palm Harbor University High School, and Largo High School, Project Lead the Way's (PLTW) engineering program at East Lake High School, the Center for Advanced Technologies (CAT) at Lakewood High School, the Pinellas County Center for the Arts (PCCA) at Gibbs High School, three middle school Centers for Gifted Studies, at Thurgood Marshall Fundamental, Morgan Fitzgerald, and Dunedin Highland Middle Schools, and Florida's only Fundamental High School, at Osceola High School.

The county is also home to many private schools, including Admiral Farragut Academy, Canterbury School, Calvary Christian, Clearwater Central Catholic, Keswick Christian School, Shorecrest Preparatory School, Indian Rocks Christian School [72] and St. Petersburg Catholic High School, among others.

Colleges and universities

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Pinellas County is home several institutions of higher learning, including Eckerd College, the University of South Florida St. Petersburg, Nova Southeastern University, the multi-campus St. Petersburg College, the Stetson University College of Law in Gulfport, and the main campus of Schiller International University in Largo,[73] after previously being located in Dunedin.[74]

Libraries

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The Pinellas Public Library Cooperative (PPLC) has 14 member libraries:[75][76]


The Pinellas Public Library Cooperative was established by referendum in March 1989 to serve the unincorporated areas of Pinellas County. The original Interlocal Agreement, which described the legal basis, leadership and operations of the Cooperative, was signed by sixteen cities, the taxing district of Palm Harbor, and the County in 1989. In 1994, the City of Clearwater applied for and became a member of the Cooperative, which made all existing public libraries in the county members of the first countywide public library cooperative in Florida. [77]

Economy

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Sunset on Clearwater Beach

Historical economic strengths

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Agriculture was the single most important industry in Pinellas until the early 20th century, with much of the best land devoted to citrus production. Cattle ranching was another major industry. In 1885 the American Medical Society declared the Pinellas peninsula the "healthiest spot on earth",[78] which helped spur the growth of the tourist industry.

Economy today

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Anchored by the urban markets of Clearwater and St. Petersburg, Pinellas has the second largest base of manufacturing employment in Florida.

Pinellas has diverse, yet symbiotic, industry clusters, including aviation/aerospace, defense/national security, medical technologies, business and financial services, and information technology.

Fortune 500 technology manufacturers Jabil Circuit and Tech Data and a Fortune 500 financial company Raymond James Financial are headquartered in the Gateway area in and adjacent to Pinellas. Other large companies include HSN, Nielsen, and Valpak.

Service industries such as healthcare, business services and education account for more than 200,000 jobs in the county, generating almost $19 billion in revenue. Other major sectors include retail, with close to 100,000 employees in jobs such as food service, bars, and retail sales generating $12 billion for the local economy in 2010, and industries related to finance, insurance and real estate with approximately 44,000 workers generating $8.5 billion in sales.

Culture

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The Salvador Dalí Museum

Museums

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Performing arts venues

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Duke Energy Center For The Arts--Mahaffey Theater

The Florida Orchestra splits its performances between Ruth Eckerd Hall, the Mahaffey Theater, and the Straz Center for the Performing Arts in Tampa. Clearwater Jazz Holiday held every October in Coachman Park in downtown Clearwater; in its 32nd year.

Other points of interest

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See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County, Florida and List of ghost towns in Florida

Long established communities, particularly Old Northeast in St. Petersburg, Pass-a-Grille in St. Pete Beach, Harbor Oaks in Clearwater, and old Tarpon Springs contain notable historic architecture.

The area has embraced farmer's markets, with St. Petersburg's Saturday Morning Market drawing large crowds, and other markets located weekly in several other parts of the county also seeing a growth in popularity.

Downtowns in St. Petersburg and Dunedin, and many of the beaches, especially Clearwater Beach, all attract a vibrant nightlife.

In addition to the above-mentioned Heritage Village in Largo, a number of small local history museums operate within the county: the St. Petersburg Museum of History on the downtown St. Petersburg waterfront, the Gulf Beaches Historical Museum in Pass-a-Grille, the Dunedin History Museum in Dunedin, the Palm Harbor Museum in Palm Harbor, and the Historic Depot Museum in Tarpon Springs all provide visitors a glimpse of the area's history.

Two botanical gardens are located within the county: the Florida Botanical Gardens, a part of the Pinewood Cultural Park in Largo, and Sunken Gardens, a former tourist attraction located in and now run by the City of St. Petersburg.

Indian Shores is home to the Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary, currently the largest non-profit wild bird hospital in the United States and considered one of the top avian rehabilitation centers in the world. A variety of species can be found at the sanctuary, which is open 365 days a year and is free to the public.

On Clearwater Beach is the Clearwater Marine Aquarium, a non-profit dedicated to the rescue, rehabilitation and release of injured marine animals and public education. CMA's best-known permanent resident, is Winter, a bottlenose dolphin who was rescued in December 2005 after having her tail caught in a crab trap. Her injuries caused the loss of her tail; CMA successfully fitted Winter with a prosthetic tail which brought worldwide attention to the facility. Winter was the subject of the 2011 film Dolphin Tale, shot partially on location at CMA.

On the south end of Anclote Key, off of Tarpon Springs, is the Anclote Key Light, a lighthouse built in 1887. The light is Pinellas County's only functioning lighthouse, and one of only two in the Tampa Bay area. The light was deactivated in 1984, but by 2003 had been restored and as of 2013 continues to be in use. The island forms Anclote Key Preserve State Park and is accessible only by private boat.

Dunedin is home to the Dunedin Brewery, Florida's oldest microbrewery.

Sports and recreation

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Tropicana Field, home of the Tampa Bay Rays

Sports teams

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The Tampa Bay area is home to three major professional sports teams and a number of minor-league and college teams. Regardless of the specific city where they play their games, all of the professional teams claim "Tampa Bay" in their name to signify that they represent the entire area.

Professionally, baseball's Tampa Bay Rays play at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, while football's Tampa Bay Buccaneers and hockey's Tampa Bay Lightning both play in nearby Tampa.

Two MLB teams come to Pinellas for spring training: the Philadelphia Phillies play at BayCare Ballpark in Clearwater while the Toronto Blue Jays play at TD Ballpark in Dunedin. Additionally, Minor League Baseball affiliates of those teams play at their spring training ballparks; the Clearwater Threshers play at BayCare Ballpark and the Dunedin Blue Jays play at TD Ballpark.

The Tampa Bay Rowdies of the USL Championship play at Al Lang Stadium in St. Petersburg

The Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg is held every spring on the downtown St. Petersburg waterfront.

The PGA Tour plays its Valspar Championship annually in March on the Copperhead Course at the Innisbrook Golf Resort in Palm Harbor.

Recreational areas

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Other popular fishing locations include Pier 60 on Clearwater Beach and the Gulf and Bay Piers at Fort De Soto Park, as well as countless spots along the bridges and passes of the area, among many others.

Pinellas County's coastal geography, with a long system of barrier islands on the Gulf and small-to-large mangrove islands dotting the waters on all sides, provides for an extensive series of blueways that are enjoyed by kayakers of all ability levels.[83] The county also maintains a series of artificial reefs in the Gulf which are popular spots for fishing and scuba diving[84]

The county's two largest freshwater lakes, Lake Tarpon (accessible through Chestnut and Anderson parks) and Lake Seminole (accessible through Lake Seminole Park), are popular for water skiing, jet-skiing, and sailing, as well as for fishing and kayaking.

Both the North Beach of Fort De Soto Park (2005) and Caladesi Island (2008) have been named by Dr. Beach as America's Top Beach.[85]

Media

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See also: Media in the Tampa Bay area

Pinellas County, as a part of the Tampa Bay area (the nation's 14th largest television market[86]), is served by fourteen local broadcast television stations, as well as a variety of cable-only local stations. More than 70 FM and AM stations compete for listenership in what is the nation's 19th largest radio market.[87]

Major daily newspapers serving Pinellas are the Tampa Bay Times, known as the St. Petersburg Times from 1884–2011 and first in circulation and readership, and The Tampa Tribune. The Times also distributes a free daily (Monday-Friday) tabloid called tbt* in the most heavily populated areas of the county. Creative Loafing Tampa is the main alternative weekly.

Transportation

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The Sunshine Skyway Bridge
 
Brick-covered section of Park St. in the Jungle Prada neighborhood of St. Petersburg

Major highways

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Airports

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Replica of the airplane flown by Tony Jannus at St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport

Railroads

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Amtrak continues to have a presence in Pinellas County through a bus station in Pinellas Park

The CSX railroad company operates the Clearwater Subdivision in Pinellas County, made up of segments of branch lines of the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. Beginning in Tampa, the line has daily freight rail traffic through Oldsmar, Safety Harbor, Clearwater, Largo, Pinellas Park, and into St. Petersburg. Regularly-scheduled passenger rail services in Pinellas County ended on February 1, 1984, when Amtrak discontinued its rail operations in the county, and the last passenger rail service in the county of any kind, a series of special excursion runs between Tarpon Springs and Dunedin, occurred on March 8, 1987.[88] CSX owned the last remaining trackage in downtown St. Petersburg until March 2008 when it, along with the remaining trackage south of Central Avenue and east of 34th Street South, began to be dismantled.[89] That right-of-way, as well as the right-of-way of several other former CSX railroad lines in the county beginning in the 1990s, was converted into a section of the Pinellas Trail.

As of 2012, proposals were being developed[90] by community leaders for a light rail system which would connect the regional core cities of Clearwater, St. Petersburg, and Tampa. The proposal, which has won the backing of the Clearwater and St. Petersburg City Councils[91] would rely on a 1% sales tax and would have to go before voters for approval.

Mass transit

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The Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority (PSTA) operates 205 buses and trolleys servicing 37 routes across the county, with major stops at all commercial centers. Along the Gulf Beaches, PTSA operates the Suncoast Beach Trolley. PTSA also offers two express routes to downtown Tampa via the Howard Frankland and Gandy Bridges, connecting with Tampa's HartLine, and connects with Pasco's PCPT in Tarpon Springs to continue service in that county. The system's two main bus terminals are located in downtown Clearwater and downtown St. Petersburg. During fiscal year 2005-06, PSTA transported 11,400,484 passengers.[92] Additionally, the city of St. Pete operates a rapid bus service, the SunRunner, from downtown St. Pete to St. Pete Beach.[93]

Emergency management

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The original building of Mound Park Hospital in St. Petersburg, around which Bayfront Medical Center was built

Fire departments

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Source:[94]

  • Clearwater Fire Rescue
  • Dunedin Fire Rescue
  • East Lake Fire Rescue
  • Gulfport Fire Rescue
  • Largo Fire Rescue
  • Lealman Fire District
  • Maderia Beach Fire Rescue
  • Oldsmar Fire Rescue
  • Palm Harbor Fire Rescue
  • Pinellas Park Fire Rescue
  • Pinellas Suncoast Fire District
  • Safety Harbor Fire Rescue
  • Seminole Fire Rescue
  • St. Pete Beach Fire Rescue
  • St. Petersburg Fire Rescue
  • South Pasadena Fire Rescue
  • Tarpon Springs Fire Rescue
  • Treasure Island Fire Rescue

Emergency Medical Services

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  • Sunstar Paramedics[95]

Law enforcement agencies

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Pinellas County Sheriff's Office
 
Patch of the Pinellas County Sheriff's Office
AbbreviationPCSO
Agency overview
Formed1912; 112 years ago (1912)
Jurisdictional structure
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersLargo, Florida
Agency executive
Website
Pinellas County Sheriff's Office

The Pinellas County Sheriff's Office (PCSO) was founded in 1912 at the founding of the county. The Sheriff's Office absorbed the County Patrol in 1960.[citation needed] As of 2022 the sheriff is Bob Gualtieri.[96]

The office provides law enforcement services in the county. These municipalities contract to the Sheriff's Office for patrol services:

Many cities in the county have their own city police departments:[97]

  • Belleair Police Department
  • Clearwater Police Department
  • Gulfport Police Department
  • Indian Shores Police Department
  • Kenneth City Police Department
  • Largo Police Department
  • Pinellas Park Police Department
  • St. Petersburg Police Department
  • Tarpon Springs Police Department
  • Treasure Island Police Department

Hospitals

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Main article: List of hospitals in Florida

There are several hosptials in Pinellas and the surrounding counties.

Communities

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Location of municipalities in Pinellas County as indicated by the list in this sections
 
St. Petersburg skyline from the old Pier
 
Clearwater pass from Clearwater Beach

Cities

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Towns

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Census-designated places

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Other unincorporated communities

edit
edit

Movies filmed or set in Pinellas County include:

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Note: The US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[43][44]

Citations

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  1. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Pinellas County, Florida". Census.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Kunerth, Jeff (June 5, 2014). "Orlando moves past St. Petersburg to become Florida's fourth largest city". Orlando Sentinel.
  3. ^ "Census.gov Quick Facts Pinellas County, Florida". Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  5. ^ "McMullen-Coachman Log Cabin". Heritage Village. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
  6. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida. pp. 72–73. ISBN 0-8130-1636-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ "Hillsborough County History". Hillsborough County Official Website.
  8. ^ "Odet Philippe Marker". hmdb.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  9. ^ "Pinellas County, Florida, Park and Conservation Resources - Philippe Park". pinellascounty.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  10. ^ "ODET PHILIPPE - FLORIDA PIONEE - Genealogy.com". genealogy.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  11. ^ "7Brothers". fl-genweb.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "Twelve-inch mortars". fortdesoto.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  14. ^ "Pinellas County turns 100 years old". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "Southpinellas: For Coquina Key, cycle of rum, boom and bust". sptimes.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  17. ^ "During World War II, St. Pete had its Bomb-a-Dears". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  18. ^ "Andrew Meacham, "Mayor packed ideas, pipe tobacco in rich public life," September 15, 2010". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
  19. ^ "The Skyway bridge collapsed 40 years ago. Here's how we're remembering the tragedy". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  20. ^ "Sunshine Skyway Disaster". sptimes.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  21. ^ "Tampabay: Horrific accident created an unforgettable scene". sptimes.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  22. ^ "World's Top 10 Bridges". Travel Channel. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  23. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  24. ^ "Fact About Pinellas". Pinellas County government. Retrieved July 3, 2012. Pinellas County is 38 miles long, and 15 miles at it's [sic] broadest point, for a total of 280 square miles. 587 miles of coastline.
  25. ^ "Pinellas County, Florida - About Pinellas - Facts". pinellascounty.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ "Pinellas County Florida - Parks & Preserves". pinellascounty.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  29. ^ "Boyd Hill Nature Preserve - St. Petersburg, Florida". Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  30. ^ "FPL | Florida's Exotic and Invasive Species". Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  31. ^ "Why do peacocks roam Tampa Bay?". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  32. ^ "Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay finds a home, family in the woods". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  33. ^ "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 16, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ http://www.weather.com/outlook/homeandgarden/home/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USFL0119[permanent dead link]
  35. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  36. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  37. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  38. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  39. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  40. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  41. ^ "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020–2022". County Population Totals: 2020–2022. U.S. Census Bureau. March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  42. ^ "Florida: 2010; Summary Population and Housing Characteristics" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. October 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  43. ^ "Census.gov". Census.gov. Retrieved July 20, 2022. [not specific enough to verify]
  44. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  45. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  46. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pinellas County: SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  48. ^ a b c d "Pinellas County Demographic Characteristics". ocala.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  49. ^ "Miami-Dade County, Florida FIRST ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe: Total population - 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  50. ^ "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 -- 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  51. ^ a b "Pinellas County: Age Groups and Sex: 2010 - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  52. ^ "Pinellas County, Florida: SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS - 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  53. ^ "Demographics Pinellas County, FL". MuniNetGuide.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  54. ^ "American FactFinder". census.gov. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  55. ^ "American FactFinder - Results". Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  56. ^ a b "Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Pinellas County, Florida". Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  57. ^ "Pinellas County, Florida, Board of County Commissioners". pinellascounty.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  58. ^ "Pinellas County, Florida, Administration". pinellascounty.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  59. ^ "County receives A+ for Web site". TBNweekly.
  60. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  61. ^ Ginzl, David J. (1982). "The Politics of Patronage: Florida Republicans during the Hoover Administration". Florida Historical Quarterly. 61 (1). Florida Historical Society: 1–19. JSTOR 30146154.
  62. ^ a b Morris, Allen; Perry Morris, Joan (eds.). "Florida's Legislature". The Florida Handbook 2013-2014 (PDF). Tallahassee, Florida: Florida House of Representatives. p. 218.
  63. ^ Schnur, James Anthony, "The Land Boom and Distant Clouds on the Horizon, 1922-1931" (2016). USF St. Petersburg campus Faculty Publications. 3079.
  64. ^ Company, Tampa Publishing. "Five counties key to Florida's presidential primary results". Tampa Bay Times. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  65. ^ David Leip. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  66. ^ David Wasserman (October 6, 2020), "The 10 Bellwether Counties That Show How Trump Is in Serious Trouble", The New York Times
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