The Clearwater River[3] is located in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta. It rises in the northern forest region of north-western Saskatchewan and joins the Athabasca River in north-eastern Alberta. It was part of an important trade route during the fur trade era and has been designated as a Canadian Heritage River.
| Clearwater River | |
|---|---|
.JPG){kind=spacer} Clearwater River valley near Fort McMurray | |
  Clearwater River is at red pin | |
  Location of the mouth of the river in Alberta | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Provinces | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Broach Lake |
| • location | Saskatchewan |
| • coordinates | 57°43′14″N 109°22′30″W / 57.72056°N 109.37500°W |
| Mouth | Athabasca River at |
• location | Fort McMurray, Alberta |
• coordinates | 56°44′53″N 111°23′1.4″W / 56.74806°N 111.383722°W |
| Length | 295 km (183 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Athabasca River drainage basin |
| [1][2] | |
Course
editThe Clearwater River has a total length of 295 kilometres (183 mi). It flows south-eastward from its headwaters at Broach Lake and turns to the south-west from Careen Lake to the Alberta / Saskatchewan border. From there it flows westward for a distance of 108 kilometres (67 mi) to join the Athabasca River at Fort McMurray. The section of the river in Fort McMurray is referred to as the Chant.[citation needed]
From Broach Lake at an elevation of 460 metres (1,510 ft) above sea level, the Clearwater drops about 150 metres (490 ft) to the confluence at Fort McMurray. Its waters eventually reach the Arctic Ocean via the Athabasca and Mackenzie Rivers.[4] Tributaries of the Clearwater River include Descharme River and McLean River in Saskatchewan and the Christina River in Alberta.
Geology
edit
In its upper reaches, the Clearwater River flows over the Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield. That section of the river is rough, characterized by rapids, small waterfalls, and a gorge. The river leaves the Shield near the Alberta border and enters the Interior Plains where it becomes meandering, with numerous sand bars and small islands.[5] There it is flanked by outcrops of the Devonian limestones, dolomite, and shales of the La Loche, Contact Rapids, Keg River, and Waterways Formations, as well as the Cretaceous oil sands of the McMurray Formation.[6][7]
The Clearwater River is an underfit stream; that is, its present flow is insufficient to have carved its broad, steep-sided valley. Instead, its morphology may be the result of catastrophic paleoflooding that originated from Glacial Lake Agassiz during late Pleistocene time and flowed through the Clearwater and Athabasca river valleys on its way to the Arctic Ocean.[8][9] The channel cut by that flood is known as the Clearwater Spillway.[8]
There are several salt springs and saline marshes that discharge into the Clearwater River in northeastern Alberta. The water, which comes from the underlying Devonian rock formations, is effervescent in places and smells of sulfur.[10]
History
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Rock-paintings along the upper portion of the river, shapes and symbols on rock surfaces, suggest that the area was already inhabited 5,000 years ago. Before the European colonisation, native groups of Beaver, Chipewyan, and Cree people lived in the Clearwater River area.[5]
During European exploration and the fur trade of the 18th century, the lower Clearwater River was part of an important canoe route between Hudson Bay and Montreal in the east, and the District of Athabasca in the west. The rough Precambrian upper portion of the Clearwater River was a barrier to the traders until 1778, when explorer Peter Pond crossed the Methye Portage to bypass it. Methye Portage extended between Lac La Loche and the Clearwater River, forming a 19-kilometre (12 mi) overland link on the route from Churchill, Manitoba to Athabasca, Alberta. For almost 40 years, this was the only overland connection for the fur trade in the region, and it continued in use for most of the 19th century.[5]
Fish species
editThe river's fish species include: walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, lake trout, Arctic grayling, lake whitefish, cisco, white sucker, longnose sucker and burbot.[citation needed]
Conservation
editProvincial park
editThe province of Saskatchewan has established the Clearwater River Provincial Park, encompassing an area of 865 mi2; or 2240 km2, to protect the river's environment.[11]
Canadian Heritage Rivers System
editThe Saskatchewan section was granted Canadian Heritage River status because of its "unspoiled, clear-water river in a pristine" isolated "wilderness setting of spectacular beauty".[12]
Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP)
editThe Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP) uses the Clearwater River as a "baseline river system" to provide "information on the variability and characteristics of natural systems".[4] Although natural outcrops of McMurray Formation oil sands are present along the river, the "lack of significant oil sands developments" within its watershed allows it to be used as a baseline.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Geographical Names (Clearwater River)". Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ "Atlas of Canada Toporama". Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. "Place names - Clearwater River". www4.rncan.gc.ca.
- ^ a b c "Clearwater River Hydrological Profile". Hydrology of the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program RAMP. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ a b c "Clearwater River fact sheet". Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
- ^ Schneider, C.L., Grobe, M. and Hein, F.J. 2013. Outcrops of the La Loche, Contact Rapids, and Keg River formations (Elk Point Group, Devonian) on the Clearwater River, Alberta (NTS 74D/9) and Saskatchewan (NTS 74C/12). Energy Resources Conservation Board, ERCB/AGS Open File Report 2012-20, 36 p.
- ^ Prior, G. J., Hathaway, B., Glombick, P.M., Pana, D.I., Banks, C.J., Hay, D.C., Schneider, C.L., Grobe, M., Elgr, R., and Weiss, J.A. (2013). "Bedrock Geology of Alberta. Alberta Geological Survey, Map 600". Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Smith, D.G. and Fisher, T.G. 1993. Glacial Lake Agassiz: The northwestern outlet and paleoflood. Geology, vol. 21, p. 9-12.
- ^ Fisher, Timothy G.; Smith, Derald G.; Andrews, John T. (2002). "Preboreal oscillation caused by a glacial Lake Agassiz flood" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 21 (2002): 873–78. Bibcode:2002QSRv...21..873F. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00148-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ Gue, A.E. 2012. The geochemistry of saline springs in the Athabasca oil sands region and their impact on the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Calgary, Alberta, 159 p.
- ^ Saskatchewan Parks Archived 2005-11-25 at the Wayback Machine - Clearwater River Park
- ^ "Clearwater River designation". Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
External links
edit- Map of the river's course from Canadian Heritage Rivers System
- Fish Species of Saskatchewan
- Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
- Clearwater River Provincial Park