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Clearwire

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Clearwire Corporation (stylized as clearw˙re) was a telecommunications operator which provided mobile and fixed wireless broadband communications services to retail and wholesale customers in the United States, Belgium, Ireland and Spain. Clearwire traces its roots to 1998, when Sierra Technologies, Inc., spun off certain assets to form a new company, Clearwire Technologies Inc.[6] In October 2003, Craig McCaw purchased Clearwire Technologies, Inc. parent company Clearwire Holdings and moved the company headquarters to Kirkland, Washington. In 2012, Clearwire moved the company headquarters to Bellevue, Washington.

Clearwire Corporation
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: CLWR
IndustryWireless communications
Founded1998; 26 years ago (1998), in Arlington, Texas, United States
DefunctSeptember 2013 (2013-09)
FateAcquired by Sprint Nextel, now part of T-Mobile US
Headquarters
Bellevue, Washington
,
United States
Area served
Key people
Decrease (US$2,391,237,000) (2011)
Decrease (US$357,668,000) (2011)
Total assetsDecrease US$8,842,652,000 (2011)
Total equityDecrease US$3,646,038,000 (2011)
Number of employees
932 (2013)
ParentSprint Corporation
Subsidiaries
  • Clearwire Belgium sprl
  • Clearwire España S.A.
  • Clearwire Communications LLC
Websiteclearwire.com clear.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4][5]

A large percentage of Clearwire shares were previously owned by a number of large companies including Sprint Nextel Corporation (now Sprint Corporation and later merged with T-Mobile US), Comcast Corporation, Time Warner Cable Inc., Bright House Networks, LLC, Google Inc. and Intel Corporation. Sprint Nextel was Clearwire's largest single shareholder, owning a 50.8% combined stake and control of the company.[7] On July 9, 2013, Sprint Nextel completed acquiring the remaining shares it didn't already own, becoming sole owner of Clearwire Corporation. The day after, on July 10, 2013, Sprint Nextel and SoftBank Corp. announced the completion of their merger, where Softbank invested $21.6 billion in Sprint.[8]

Clearwire provided services to 88 markets in the United States covering 134 million potential subscribers. Sprint Corporation owns rights to radio frequency spectrum in the 2.5 GHz range which provides service primarily using the 4G 802.16e mobile WiMAX standard. Clearwire also provides service to customers in 17 U.S. cities using the Motorola Expedience 802.16d radio interface which the company refers to as "Pre-4G".[1]

Clearwire was ranked as the fifth largest wireless provider in the U.S., prior to being acquired, with roughly 11 million subscribers who used the WiMAX network as of January 2012. Sprint ceased operations of the Clearwire Network on November 6, 2015.

History

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Clearwire traces its roots to 1998, when Sierra Technologies, Inc. spun off certain assets to form a new company, Clearwire, Inc., based in Arlington, Texas. Clearwire Technologies was formed by a number of investors including Sierra CEO Jim Gero and Edward "Rusty" Rose, a former co-managing partner of the Texas Rangers. Clearwire Technologies raised about US$100 million from Goldman Sachs, in conjunction with another client who held licenses for spectrum allocated to various educational institutions; the former Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) band now known as EBS or Educational Broadband Service.[9]

After Goldman provided the funds—which were supposed to be used to roll out the system in key markets across the U.S.—they used a provision of the agreement to take control of the company; hiring a new CEO, Leo J. Cyr, who ousted the entire management team, including Clearwire CEO Brian Nerney, while diluting the strength of the founders still on the Board of Directors.

A holding company controlled by Craig McCaw, Flux LLC, acquired Clearwire Inc's then parent company, Clearwire Holdings, in March 2004. After assuming control, McCaw installed executives from McCaw Cellular in the key leadership positions at Clearwire Corp.[9] On June 3, 2004, McCaw purchased Clearwire Inc. for an undisclosed amount and used its name and resources, as well as technology developed by another McCaw-owned company, NextNet Wireless Inc., to launch his latest effort.[10] On October 26, 2004, Intel Corp. teamed up with McCaw to develop and deploy a technology for portable wireless Internet access. The partnership included an investment by Clearwire Corp.[11]

Clearwire grew from 1,000 customers in September 2004 to more than 443,000 customers by May 2008.[12] Clearwire claimed in September 2006 that 20% of its markets had more than 10% penetration of households covered.[citation needed]

Clearwire took a $900 million infusion of capital from Intel and Motorola in July 2006, shortly after pulling its initial public offering.[13] Clearwire's equipment manufacturer Nextnet Wireless was sold to Motorola as part of the exchange.[14] This investment by these two industry giants had been reported as an attempt to accelerate the development and deployment of WiMAX networks worldwide.

An unspecified source claims that AT&T sold Clearwire a slice of 2.5 GHz spectrum for about $300 million. The spectrum covers markets in the southeast of the U.S. and was formerly owned by BellSouth. The spectrum solidifies Clearwire's position as the second largest holder of 2.5 GHz spectrum after Sprint Nextel. AT&T had to sell the spectrum as a condition of its merger with BellSouth.[citation needed]

Clearwire and Sprint Nextel announced a partnership in July 2007 to accelerate deployment of WiMAX technology across the US.[15] The deal was to include a swap of spectrum and markets between the two companies, as well as providing roaming capabilities for customers traveling between the companies' networks. The partnership was terminated at the end of 2007.[16] In 2008, Sprint's new CEO Dan Hesse started serious discussions about forming a joint venture between the two companies in the hopes of bringing in outside funding from Google, Intel, and Best Buy.[17] On March 26, 2008 an anonymous source stated that Sprint and Clearwire may get as much as $1 billion from Comcast and $500 million from Time Warner Cable in financial backing.[18]

Clearwire filed for its initial public offering with the Securities and Exchange Commission in May 2006. The company's underwriters included Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley and JPMorgan Chase. Trading began March 8, 2007 under the ticker symbol "CLWR" on the Nasdaq. Clearwire offered 24 million shares at $25 a share, and raised approximately US$600 million.[19] Before the Sprint merger, Craig McCaw was the largest shareholder of the company with a majority of the shares.[20]

On May 7, 2008, Clearwire and Sprint Nextel's wireless broadband unit Xohm announced their intent to merge, combining Sprint's 4G WiMAX network (Xohm) with Clearwire's existing pre-WiMAX broadband network. Sprint owns 54% of the firm,[21] with ex-Clearwire shareholders owning 27% – a consortium of Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Intel, Google, and Bright House Networks invested $3.2 billion and owns the balance.[22] Clearwire and the cable companies will buy 3G mobile broadband from Sprint as MVNOs.[citation needed] Clearwire/Sprint Nextel officially launched Portland, Oregon, as the first market using the new service. Clearwire's 4G service was branded as CLEAR,[23] except in those markets where the Clearwire name has already been established and where CLEAR service is not available.[24] CLEAR 4G was available in 35 of the country's 40 largest metropolitan statistical areas, covering 130 million people.

On March 9, 2009, Clearwire named Bill Morrow as CEO, succeeding Benjamin Wolff, who became co-chairman with Craig McCaw. Morrow, 49, stepped down as CEO of Pacific Gas & Electric Company. Morrow had previously held a number of senior positions at Vodafone.[25]

In April 2009, a class-action lawsuit was filed against Clearwire. The suit was dismissed in April 2009 but was appealed by the complainant. The suit claimed that the company's actual Internet connection speeds were slower than advertised and was sometimes unavailable.[26][27]

On December 31, 2010, McCaw resigned as chairman of Clearwire and was replaced by John W. Stanton.[28][29] On March 10, 2011, Bill Morrow resigned as CEO and was replaced by interim CEO John W. Stanton.[30] On August 10, 2011, Clearwire promoted COO Erik Prusch to president and CEO, and named John Stanton executive chairman.[31]

Clearwire stated that it might not honor a $237 million debt covenant due on December 1, 2011, in order to conserve cash.[32] However, on December 2, 2011, the company announced that not only had it made that payment, but it had made a new four-year deal with Sprint to receive funding for network buildout and investments valued at $1.6 billion.

Complete acquisition by Sprint Nextel

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On October 14, 2012, it was announced that Japanese telecommunications company SoftBank would purchase 70% of Sprint Nextel Corporation for $20.1 billion.[7] This initially led to speculation that Sprint would buy out Clearwire, but "two well placed sources" within Sprint said that such a maneuver would not occur.[33]

Sprint, however, announced on October 18, 2012, that it acquired a majority interest in Clearwire by buying a stake from Clearwire's founder, which gave Sprint a 50.8% ownership and control of Clearwire.[34] On December 17, 2012, Sprint announced that it entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the remaining stake in Clearwire that it did not then own for $2.97 per share, which equaled $2.2 billion.[35]

Over a period of approximately six months, a bidding war with DISH Network for Clearwire occurred, ultimately resulting in Sprint increasing its offer price for Clearwire to $5 per share.[36] On July 8, 2013, Clearwire announced that its stockholders approved the merger with Sprint.[37] Relatedly, Sprint's stockholders approved the merger with SoftBank, which closed on July 10, 2013.[38] Subsequently, it planned to lay off about 75% of its employees.[39]

CLEAR announced that it would shut down on November 5, 2015. On November 6, 2015, CLEAR service was terminated. The WiMAX network was operated, without CLEAR customers, until early March 2016 because of a court order.

Networks

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Expedience OFDM – Pre-4G

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In 17 markets in the United States and certain markets in Belgium, Clearwire provides a service it refers to as "Pre-4G" using a Point-to-Multipoint system from Motorola called "Expedience", part of the MOTOwi4 family of products.[40] The service is considered true Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS).

The service is not unique to Clearwire. Several companies throughout the world use this same product line from Motorola, including Inukshuk Wireless Partnership of Canada, Beamspeed and Commspeed of Arizona, AccessTEL of Bangladesh, and Unitel of Guatemala.

WiMAX 802.16e - 4G

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Branded CLEAR, the company, on January 6, 2009, unveiled Portland, Oregon, as its first 4G WiMAX wireless broadband market, enabling consumers and businesses to access the Internet, wirelessly, at broadband speeds.[41]

After the Portland launch, the company expanded its 4G network to 87 additional markets.[42]

Retail products and services

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4G Mobile and fixed wireless

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Logo used in the United States by Clearwire to market 4G wireless Internet services under the CLEAR brand

In the United States, Clearwire offered 4G fixed and mobile Internet access under the CLEAR brand in 88 cities. Clearwire claimed an average download speed of 3 to 6 Mbit/s with bursts over 10 Mbit/s.[43]

In January 2011, Clearwire started offering 4G WiMax service in Spain under the Instanet brand, discontinuing services based on Motorola Expedience technology.

 
Logo used in Spain by Clearwire España, S.A. to market 4G wireless Internet services under the Instanet brand

Clearwire provides service in Spain in the 3.4–3.6 GHz frequency range.[44]

 
Logo used in Belgium by Clearwire Belgium sprl to market 4G wireless Internet services under the Clearwire brand

Clearwire offered 4G WiMax service in Belgium under the Clearwire brand.

Expedience fixed wireless

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Clearwire offers Expedience based services in 17 markets in the United States and in certain markets in Belgium. Customers can choose either the Motorola Expedience Residential Subscriber Unit (RSU) or the Motorola Expedience PC Card in both a PC Card and ExpressCard. The RSU incorporates automatic adaptive modulation for increased throughput and network capacity. Users are connected to the Internet at indoor locations throughout the entire system's coverage area. The unit functions as an Ethernet bridge (Layer 2) device, interfacing a standard Ethernet over twisted pair connector. The PC Card incorporates the same automatic adaptive modulation for increased throughput and network capacity with the added portability of a laptop CardBus card.

Clearwire formerly offered Expedience-based services in Ireland and Denmark until operations in those countries were purchased by Imagine Communications and ERLO Group, respectively. In January 2011 Clearwire discontinued services based on Motorola Expedience technology in Spain in favor of Instanet branded 4G WiMAX service.

VoIP

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Clearwire also offers its own Voice over IP service in some areas for an additional monthly fee.[45]

 
Clear wireless retail store in the borough of Manhattan, New York, New York, United States

Wholesale products and services

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Sprint Corporation (Clearwire's parent company) resold Clearwire's 4G network service as Sprint 4G WiMax in over 70 markets across the United States.[46] Other Clearwire investors Comcast and Time Warner Cable resell Clearwire's 4G mobile broadband service in a number of markets, including New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Atlanta and Portland among others bundled with their cable, home phone, and residential Internet services.[47][48]

On June 4, 2010, Sprint Nextel introduced the first commercially available 4G cellphone in the U.S., the HTC EVO 4G. The device combines Clearwire's 4G network with Sprint's 3G network and Google's Android operating system, creating a multimedia-heavy device Sprint hoped would set it apart from 3G smartphones like the Apple iPhone.[49]

Criticism

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In 2005, Clearwire drew criticism from phone operator Vonage. Vonage claimed Clearwire and other ISPs were blocking Vonage's services. Testing showed that contrary to Vonage's claims, Vonage calls were being connected over the Clearwire network.[50]

In September 2010, Clearwire introduced a dynamic network management system, which, for users who consume "disproportionate" amounts of wireless data, limited the user to about 256 kbit/s of network throughput. Certain users claimed their terms of service were modified retroactively to reflect the new policy, and Clearwire itself has unofficially acknowledged this claim.[51][52]

In the middle of 2012, Clearwire reached a settlement to provide partial refunds of termination fees and service credits for individuals who experienced throttling as part of their dynamic network management policy. The settlement allows Clearwire to continue throttling connections under certain circumstances as long as their advertising reflects this.[53]

In September 2013, Clearwire in Spain, operating under the brand Instanet, cut off all of its services, web and phone lines without prior notice. It was reported at the time that Spanish consumer associations were gathering evidence of possible overcharging.[54]

On April 15, 2015 (over a period of a few days), Clearwire cut off its clearwire.net email services in the United States.

On April 17, 2015, Clearwire announced Sprint would cease operations of the CLEAR 4G (WiMAX) Network and Clearwire Expedience Network on November 6, 2015.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Clearwire Corporation (February 16, 2012). "Form 10-K Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 Commission file number 001-34196 Clearwire Corporation". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  2. ^ "Clearwire Promotes Erik Prusch to President and CEO; Names John Stanton Executive Chairman (NASDAQ:CLWR)". Corporate.clearwire.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  3. ^ Q4 and Full-Year 2010 Financial Results[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Net loss attributable to Clearwire corporation is ($487,437) which represents the net loss less non-controlling interests in net loss of consolidated subsidiaries of (1,815,657) per Q4 and year-end 2010 earnings results
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "Clearwire, Inc. History". FundingUniverse. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
  7. ^ a b Faber, David (October 15, 2012). "Softbank to Buy 70 Percent Stake in Sprint: Sources". CNBC. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  8. ^ "Sprint and SoftBank Announce Completion of Merger". Sprint Newsroom. July 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  9. ^ a b Jeff Bounds (April 16, 2004). "Fixed wireless play/Telecom billionaire Craig McCaw snaps up Clearwire Holdings, eyes 'ITFS' space". Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  10. ^ "McCaw Places New Bet On Faster, Cheaper Access; Clearwire to Launch Cellular Internet Service". The Washington Post. June 3, 2004.
  11. ^ "What's News".
  12. ^ Clearwire Reports First Quarter 2008 Results Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Intel, Motorola put up $900 million to save WiMax". Fortune. CNN. July 6, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  14. ^ "Clearwire Secures $900M in Financing..." Motorola Media Center. July 5, 2006. Archived from the original on January 11, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  15. ^ "Clearwire/Sprint Nextel partnership". Clearwire Corp. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  16. ^ "Clearwire 2007Q3 Report". Clearwire Corp. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2007.
  17. ^ Sharma, Amol; Karnitschnig, Matthew (January 30, 2008). "Sprint Nextel in New WiMax Bid". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
  18. ^ "Sprint WiMax Venture May Get $1.5 Billion, People Say (Update3)". Bloomberg L.P. March 26, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
  19. ^ "Shares of Clearwire fall after IPO". Associated Press. March 8, 2007. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
  20. ^ Moritz, Scott (February 15, 2008). "Sprint, Clearwire Near WiMax Deal". TheStreet.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  21. ^ "Sprint Gives up Majority Vote at Clearwire". Goingwimax.com. June 14, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  22. ^ "Clearwire, Sprint Nextel to form $14.55B wireless company - Forbes.com". Forbes. May 27, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  23. ^ "Clearwire News". Gold Coast Wireless. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  24. ^ Price, Christopher (December 1, 2008). "Sprint Completes Clearwire Merger, Clear Will Replace XOHM". Phone News. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  25. ^ Savitz, Eric (March 9, 2009). "Clearwire Names Morrow CEO; Wolff Now Co-Chair". Barron's. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  26. ^ "Lawsuit by Clearwire Subscribers Alleges Misleading Advertising and Unlawful Early Termination Fees". Thomson Reuters. April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  27. ^ "Clearwire Subject Of Class Action Complaint". Information Week. April 23, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  28. ^ Cook, John (December 31, 2010). "Clearwire founder Craig McCaw resigns from board". Tech Flash. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
  29. ^ Clearwire Announces Election of John W. Stanton as Chairman of Company Board of Directors "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ Clearwire Names Chairman John W. Stanton as Interim CEO Archived March 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Press Release Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Troianovski, Anton; Wirz, Matt; Lublin, Joann S. (November 19, 2011). "Clearwire May Skip Debt Payment". The Wall Street Journal.
  33. ^ Yieke, Lennox (October 16, 2012). "Sprint will not Buyout [sic] Clearwire, Sending Shares Plummeting". ValueWalk. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  34. ^ "Sprint Nextel assumes majority stake in Clearwire". Reuters. October 18, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  35. ^ "Sprint to Acquire 100 Percent Ownership of Clearwire for $2.97 per Share". Business Wire. December 17, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  36. ^ "Sprint Beats Dish's Latest Bid for Clearwire". Dealbook. June 20, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  37. ^ "Sprint Acquires Clearwire After Stockholders Approve Merger". The Motley Fool. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  38. ^ "Sprint and SoftBank Announce Completion of Merger". Sprint. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  39. ^ Amy Martinez, "Sprint to lay off 91 in Bellevue, Kirkland"
  40. ^ "Motorola Expedience Overview". Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  41. ^ Hamblen, Matt (January 7, 2009). "Clearwire launches WiMax service in Portland". Computer World. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  42. ^ "4G Wimax Internet Coverage Map with Service Area". CLEAR. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  43. ^ CLEAR performance claim was based on average download speeds attained during tests conducted by CLEAR on the CLEAR commercial network.
  44. ^ "Clearwire Belgium Launches Commercial Service in Brussels". News release. Motorola, Inc. May 10, 2005. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  45. ^ "CLEARWIRE CORP, Form S-1/A, Filing Date Jan 8, 2007". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  46. ^ "Sprint extends 4G coverage to wholesale". Engadget. August 3, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
  47. ^ Business Wire (October 18, 2010). "Clearwire, Comcast and Sprint to Launch 4G in San Francisco". Business Wire. Retrieved May 15, 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  48. ^ Maisto, Michelle (October 18, 2010). "Sprint, Clearwire, Time Warner to Bring WiMax 4G to NYC". eWeek. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  49. ^ Fitchard, Kevin (March 29, 2010). "Clearwire, Sprint kick off 2010 4G rollout". Connected Planet. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  50. ^ Charny, Ben (April 6, 2005). "Vonage says Clearwire interfered with VoIP calls". CNET News. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  51. ^ "Confirmed: Clear WiMax Bandwidth Throttling « Promit's Ventspace". Ventspace.wordpress.com. October 2, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  52. ^ Dampier, Phillip (October 4, 2010). "Clear Admits Throttling Subscribers Despite Marketing Claims; Customers Revolt Over Bait & Switch Service". Stop the Cap!. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  53. ^ "Dennings v. Clearwire Corporation - FAQs" Archived September 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ "(Spanish) Instanet ha paralizado su actividad tras cobrar irregularmente a sus clientes según Facua" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
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