Costa Rica is located on the Central American Isthmus, surrounding the point 10° north of the equator and 84° west of the prime meridian. It has 212 km of Caribbean Sea coastline and 1,016 on the North Pacific Ocean.
 | |
| Continent | North America |
|---|---|
| Region | Central America |
| Coordinates | 9°56′N 84°5′W / 9.933°N 84.083°W |
| Area | Ranked 126th |
| • Total | 51,100 km2 (19,700 sq mi) |
| • Land | 99.02% |
| • Water | 0.98% |
| Coastline | 1,290 km (800 mi) |
| Borders | total: 661 km (411 mi) |
| Highest point | Mount Chirripó 3,821 metres (12,536 ft) |
| Lowest point | Pacific Ocean 0 m |
| Longest river | Térraba River (fully inland) 160 km (99 mi) |
| Largest lake | Lake Arenal 85 km2 (33 sq mi) |
| Exclusive economic zone | 574,725 km2 (221,903 sq mi) |
The area is 51,100 km2 of which 40 km2 is water. It is slightly smaller than Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Geology
editCosta Rica is located on the Caribbean Plate. It borders the Cocos Plate in the Pacific Ocean which is being subducted beneath it. This forms the volcanoes in Costa Rica, also known as the Central America Volcanic Arc.[1]
The Caribbean Plate began its eastward migration during the Late Cretaceous. During the Late Paleocene, a local sea-level low-stand assisted by the continental uplift of the western margin of South America, resulted in a land bridge over which several groups of mammals apparently took part in an interchange.
Many earthquakes in Costa Rica have occurred.
Political and human geography
editCosta Rica shares a 313-kilometre (194-mile) border with Nicaragua to the north, and a 348-km border with Panama to the south.
Costa Rica claims an exclusive economic zone of 574,725 km2 (221,903 sq mi) with 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) and a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).
Land use: Arable land: 4.8%. Permanent crops: 6.66%. Other: 88.54%.
Administrative divisions of Costa Rica include 7 provinces, 82 cantons, and 478 districts. There are also 24 indigenous territories.
Physical geography
editIslands
editThere are about 79 islands of Costa Rica, the most remote being Cocos Island and the largest being Isla Calero.
Mountain ranges
editThe nation's coastal plain is separated by the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera de Talamanca, which form the spine of the country and separate the Pacific and Caribbean drainage divides.
The Cordillera de Guanacaste is in the north near the border with Nicaragua and forms part of the Continental Divide of the Americas.
Much of the Cordillera de Talamanca is included in the La Amistad International Park, which is shared between Costa Rica and Panama. It contains the country's highest peaks: the Cerro Chirripó and the Cerro Kamuk. Much of the region is covered by the Talamancan montane forests. It also includes the Cerros de Escazú which borders the Costa Rican Central Valley to the south.
Hydrology
edit
Interrogate land covers 1,031 km2.
Rivers of Costa Rica all drain into the Caribbean or the Pacific.
Extreme points
editCocos Island is the southwestern extreme of the country. Otherwise to the north it's Peñas Blancas, to the south and east one of manyPanama border, and to the west the Santa Elena Peninsula.
The lowest point is sea level, and the tallest is Colero Chillido: at 3810 m which is the biggest.
Climate
edit
The climate is tropical. Hot season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands.
Because Costa Rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the Equator, the climate is tropical year round. However, the country has many microclimates depending on elevation, rainfall, topography, and by the geography of each particular region.
Costa Rica's seasons are defined by how much rain falls during a particular period. The year can be split into two periods, the dry season known to the residents as summer (verano), and the rainy season, known locally as winter (invierno). The "summer" or dry season goes from December to April, and "winter" or rainy season goes from May to November, which almost coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season, and during this time, it rains constantly in some regions.[2]
The location receiving the most rain is the Caribbean slopes of the Cordillera Central mountains, with an annual rainfall of over 5,000 mm (196.9 in). Humidity is also higher on the Caribbean side than on the Pacific side. The mean annual temperature on the coastal lowlands is around 27 °C (81 °F), 20 °C (68 °F) in the main populated areas of the Cordillera Central, and below 10 °C (50 °F) on the summits of the highest mountains.[3]
| Climate data for Costa Rica | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27 (81) |
27 (81) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
27 (81) |
26 (79) |
26 (79) |
26 (79) |
26 (79) |
27 (81) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17 (63) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
17 (63) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
18 (64) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 6.3 (0.25) |
10.2 (0.40) |
13.8 (0.54) |
79.9 (3.15) |
267.6 (10.54) |
280.1 (11.03) |
181.5 (7.15) |
276.9 (10.90) |
355.1 (13.98) |
330.6 (13.02) |
135.5 (5.33) |
33.5 (1.32) |
1,971 (77.61) |
| Percent possible sunshine | 40 | 37 | 39 | 33 | 25 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 34 | 28 |
| Source: [4] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for San José, Costa Rica (Juan Santamaría International Airport) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
34.5 (94.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) |
5 (41) |
8 (46) |
14.9 (58.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
11 (52) |
16.0 (60.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
9 (48) |
2 (36) |
2 (36) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 6.3 (0.25) |
10.2 (0.40) |
13.8 (0.54) |
79.9 (3.15) |
267.6 (10.54) |
280.1 (11.03) |
181.5 (7.15) |
276.9 (10.90) |
355.1 (13.98) |
330.6 (13.02) |
135.5 (5.33) |
33.5 (1.32) |
1,971 (77.61) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 25 | 17 | 8 | 184 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 68 | 66 | 70 | 77 | 83 | 80 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 79 | 74 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 285.2 | 266.0 | 282.1 | 240.0 | 182.9 | 144.0 | 151.9 | 158.1 | 147.0 | 161.2 | 177.0 | 244.9 | 2,440.3 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[5] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[6] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Limón International Airport, Costa Rica | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.9 (91.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.9 (93.0) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.7 (92.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.8 (92.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.8 (83.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.8 (85.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.8 (76.6) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
21.9 (71.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 319.7 (12.59) |
237.3 (9.34) |
208.5 (8.21) |
263.0 (10.35) |
333.5 (13.13) |
289.0 (11.38) |
426.3 (16.78) |
303.2 (11.94) |
142.1 (5.59) |
207.1 (8.15) |
400.6 (15.77) |
445.0 (17.52) |
3,575.3 (140.75) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 18 | 186 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 87 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155 | 152.6 | 179.8 | 171 | 164.3 | 135 | 117.8 | 145.7 | 159 | 164.3 | 135 | 142.6 | 1,822.1 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| Source 1: Instituto Meteorologico Nacional (precipitation 1941–2012, temperatures 1970–2012, sun 1969–2012, humidity 1970–2012)[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (extremes, 1941–present)[8] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Liberia, Costa Rica | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.4 (92.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.9 (96.6) |
33.9 (93.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.8 (78.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.1 (80.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.3 (0.05) |
1.6 (0.06) |
4.1 (0.16) |
23.9 (0.94) |
194.1 (7.64) |
245.6 (9.67) |
153.3 (6.04) |
209.4 (8.24) |
346.3 (13.63) |
310.0 (12.20) |
98.2 (3.87) |
12.3 (0.48) |
1,600.1 (62.98) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 14 | 10 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 6 | 2 | 87 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 65.3 | 62.2 | 60.5 | 62.0 | 73.2 | 81.9 | 78.4 | 80.9 | 85.4 | 86.1 | 80.4 | 72.1 | 74.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 297.6 | 276.9 | 303.8 | 267.0 | 204.6 | 168.0 | 186.0 | 182.9 | 159.0 | 170.5 | 204.0 | 260.4 | 2,680.7 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 9.6 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 7.4 |
| Source: Instituto Meteorologico Nacional (precipitation 1957–2012, temperatures 1977–2013, sun 1976–2012, humidity 1976–2013)[9][10] | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
edit
Costa Rica is a biodiversity hotspot. While the country has only about 0.03% of the world's landmass, it contains 5% of the world's biodiversity.[11][12] It is home to about 12,119 species of plants, of which 950 are endemic.[13] There are 117 native trees and more than 1,400 types of orchids; a third of them can be found in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. Almost a half of the country's land is covered by forests, though only 3.5% is covered by primary forests.[13] Deforestation in Costa Rica has been reduced from some of the worst rates in the world from 1973 to 1989, to almost zero by 2005.[14]
The diversity of wildlife in Costa Rica is very high; there are 441 species of amphibians and reptiles, 838 species of birds, 232 species of mammals and 181 species of fresh water fish. Costa Rica has high levels of endemism; 81 species of amphibians and reptiles, 17 species of birds and 7 species of mammals are endemic to the country. However, many species are endangered. According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 209 species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and plants are endangered.[15] Some of the country's most endangered species are the harpy eagle, the giant anteater, the golden toad and the jaguar. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports the golden toad as extinct.[16]
Over 25% of Costa Rica's national territory is protected by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), which oversees all of the country's protected areas. There 29 national parks of Costa Rica many conservation areas of Costa Rica. Together protected areas comprise over one-fourth of Costa Rican territory. 9.3% of the country is protected under IUCN categories I-V. Around 25% of the country's land area is in protected national parks and protected areas,[17][18] the largest percentage of protected areas in the world (developing world average 13%, developed world average 8%).[14][19][20]
Tortuguero National Park is home to monkeys, sloths, birds, and a variety of reptiles.
The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is home to about 2,000 plant species,[21] including numerous orchids. Over 400 types of birds and more than 100 species of mammals can be found there.[21]
Over 840 species of birds have been identified in Costa Rica. As is the case in much of Central America, the avian species in Costa Rica are a mix of North and South American species. The country's abundant fruit trees, many of which bear fruit year round, are hugely important to the birds, some of whom survive on diets that consist only of one or two types of fruit. Some of the country's most notable avian species include the resplendent quetzal, scarlet macaw, three-wattled bellbird, bare-necked umbrellabird, and the keel-billed toucan.[22] The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad is allowed to collect royalties on any biological discoveries of medical importance. Costa Rica is a center of biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians, including the world's fastest running lizard, the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis).[23]
Natural resources
editHydropower is produced from Lake Arenal, the largest lake in Costa Rica. Total renewable water resources is 112.4 km3.
Freshwater withdrawal is 5.77 km3/year (15%/9%/77%), or per capita: 1,582 m3/year. Agriculture is the largest water user demanding around 53% of total supplies while the sector contributes 6.5% to the Costa Rica GDP. Both total and per capita water usage is very high in comparison to other Central American countries but when measured against available freshwater sources, Costa Rica uses only 5% of its available supply.
Increasing urbanization will put pressure on water resources management in Costa Rica.
Gallery
edit-
Shaded relief map of Costa Rica -
Map of Costa Rica -
Topography of Costa Rica
See also
edit- List of earthquakes in Costa Rica
- List of Faults in Costa Rica
- Costa Rica is party to the following treaties: Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Environmental Modification, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Montreal Protocol, Ramsar Convention, International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Desertification Convention, Endangered Species Convention, Basel Convention, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention on Marine Dumping, and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It has signed but not ratified the Convention on Marine Life Conservation and the Kyoto Protocol.
References
edit- ^ "Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, Volcán Arenal, Map, Eruptions". geology.com. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ "viajes a Costa Rica". archive.org - ES (in European Spanish).
- ^ Eggar, Marc. "Climate/Weather". Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ "Costa Rica Weather". Costa Rica Guides.
- ^ "Klimatafel von San José (Int. Flugh.) / Costa Rica" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
- ^ "Juan Santamaria Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
- ^ "Descripción del clima: Cantón de Limón" (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ "Station Puerto Limon" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
- ^ "Datos Climaticos – Liberia" (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
- ^ "Descripción del clima: Cantón de Liberia" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Meteorologico Nacional. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ Leo Hickman (26 May 2007). "Shades of green". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ Honey, Martha (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?. Island Press; 1 edition, Washington, D.C. pp. 128–181. ISBN 978-1-55963-582-0. Chapter 5. Costa Rica: On the Beaten Path
- ^ a b "Costa Rica Forest Information and Data". rainforests.mongabay.com.
- ^ a b Brown, Jessica; Bird, Neil (2010). "Costa Rica sustainable resource management: Successfully tackling tropical deforestation". Overseas Development Institute. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
- ^ "World Conservation Monitoring Centre Home". Retrieved 2012-01-28.
- ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "Incilius periglenes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T3172A54357699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T3172A54357699.en. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and recommendations on any further process"" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ Earth Trends (2003). "Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Costa Rica" (PDF). World Resources Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ "Costa Rica National Parks and Reserves". World Headquarters. 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- ^ Leonardo Coutinho; Otávio Cabral (21 May 2008). "O desafio da economia verde" (in Portuguese). Revista Veja. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2008. Published on website "Planeta Sustentável"
- ^ a b "Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve". Govisitcostarica.com. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ Stater, Adam. "Birds of Costa Rica".
- ^ Garland, T. Jr. (1984). "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach" (PDF). American Journal of Physiology. 247 (5 Pt 2): R806–R815. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1984.247.5.R806. PMID 6238543. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
External links
edit
- Map of the Republic of Costa Rica from 1891
- Costa Rica - another historic map