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The climate of Paraguay consists of a subtropical climate in the Paranaense region and a tropical climate in the Chaco.[1] The Paranaense region has a humid climate, with abundant rainfall throughout the year and only moderate seasonal changes in temperature.
The seasons in Paraguay are opposite to those in the northern hemisphere, meaning northern summer is Paraguayan winter, and vice versa.
During summer, the dominant influence on the climate is the warm sirocco winds blowing out of the northeast.
During the winter, the dominant wind is the cold pampero from the South Atlantic, which blows across Argentina and is deflected northeastward by the Andes in the southern part of that country. Because of the lack of topographic barriers within Paraguay, these opposite prevailing winds bring about abrupt and irregular changes in the usually moderate weather. Winds are generally brisk. Velocities of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) have been reported in southern locations, and the town of Encarnación was once leveled by a tornado.
Paranaense region
editThe Paranaense region has only two distinct seasons: summer from October to March and winter from May to August. In transitional months of April and September, temperatures below the midsummer averages include nocturnal minima that may dip below freezing.
Winter
editDuring July, the coldest month of the subtropical winter in the Southern Hemisphere, temperature averages about 17.87 °C (64.17 °F) in Asunción and slightly cooler on the Paraná Plateau. Temperature varies only insignificantly with latitude. The number of days with temperatures falling below freezing ranges from as few as 3 to as many as 16 yearly, and with even wider variations deep in the interior. Some very mild winters with winds blowing constantly from the north feature little frost.
During a cold winter, however, tongues of Antarctic air bring subfreezing temperatures to all areas. No part of the Paranaense region is entirely free from risk of frost and consequent damage to crops, and various locations report snow flurries occasionally.
Summer
editMoist tropical air keeps the weather warm in the Paranaense region from October through March. In Asunción the temperature averages about 27.96 °C (82.33 °F) during January, the warmest month.
During the summer, daytime temperatures fairly commonly reach 38 °C (100 °F). Frequent waves of cool air from the south, however, cause weather that alternates between clear, humid conditions and storms.
Precipitation
editFairly evenly distributed rain falls in the Paranaense region. Although local meteorological conditions play a contributing role, rain usually falls in dominant tropical air masses. The least rain falls in August, when averages in various parts of the region range from 100 millimetres (3.9 in) to 200 millimetres (7.9 in). The two periods of maximum precipitation are March through May and October to November.
For the region as a whole, the difference between the driest and the wettest months ranges from 100 millimetres (3.9 in) to 180 millimetres (7.1 in). The annual average rainfall is 1,270 millimetres (50 in), although the average on the Paraná Plateau is 250 millimetres (9.8 in) to 380 millimetres (15 in) greater. All subregions may experience considerable variations from year to year. Asunción has recorded as much as 208 millimetres (8.2 in) and as little as 560 millimetres (22 in) of annual rainfall; Puerto Bertoni on the Paraná Plateau has recorded as much as 3,300 millimetres (130 in) and as little as 790 millimetres (31 in).
Chaco
edit
In contrast to the Paranaense region, the Chaco has a tropical wet-and-dry climate bordering on semi-arid. The Chaco experiences seasons that alternately flood and parch the land, yet seasonal variations in temperature are modest. Chaco temperatures are usually high; the temperature drops only slightly in winter. Even at night the air is stifling despite the usually present breezes. Rainfall is light, varying from 500 to 1,000 millimeters (19.7 to 39.4 in) per year, except in the higher land to the northwest where it can be somewhat greater. Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months, and extensive areas that are deserts in winter become summer swamps.
Examples
edit| Climate data for Asunción (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.0 (107.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37 (99) |
35 (95) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
39.2 (102.6) |
42.2 (108.0) |
42.8 (109.0) |
40.2 (104.4) |
41.7 (107.1) |
42.8 (109.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.5 (92.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.4 (83.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.4 (79.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.7 (87.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
28.3 (82.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.5 (81.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.2 (73.8) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
7.0 (44.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 147.2 (5.80) |
129.2 (5.09) |
117.9 (4.64) |
166.0 (6.54) |
113.3 (4.46) |
82.4 (3.24) |
39.4 (1.55) |
72.6 (2.86) |
87.7 (3.45) |
130.8 (5.15) |
164.4 (6.47) |
150.3 (5.92) |
1,401.2 (55.17) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 83 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 71 | 72 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 70 | 70 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 276 | 246 | 254 | 228 | 205 | 165 | 195 | 223 | 204 | 242 | 270 | 295 | 2,803 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[2] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA updated to 9/2012.,[3] Danish Meteorological Institute (sun only)[4] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Ciudad del Este | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 38.0 (100.4) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.2 (88.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.1 (68.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
0.8 (33.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 184.1 (7.25) |
154.2 (6.07) |
136.1 (5.36) |
140.7 (5.54) |
132.3 (5.21) |
131.9 (5.19) |
90.6 (3.57) |
115.0 (4.53) |
130.2 (5.13) |
176.0 (6.93) |
163.5 (6.44) |
139.9 (5.51) |
1,694.5 (66.71) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 101 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 77 | 77 | 80 | 83 | 84 | 79 | 77 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 72 | 77 |
| Source: NOAA[5][6] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Encarnación (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.5 (104.9) |
39.4 (102.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.6 (97.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.4 (104.7) |
42.0 (107.6) |
42.0 (107.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
29.2 (84.6) |
25.9 (78.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.5 (77.9) |
24.9 (76.8) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
9.9 (49.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9.3 (48.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 152.2 (5.99) |
160.6 (6.32) |
142.4 (5.61) |
162.2 (6.39) |
144.2 (5.68) |
135.8 (5.35) |
102.7 (4.04) |
116.9 (4.60) |
149.5 (5.89) |
181.7 (7.15) |
161.5 (6.36) |
150.0 (5.91) |
1,759.7 (69.28) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 98 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 74 | 72 | 70 | 69 | 67 | 73 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 254.2 | 220.4 | 220.1 | 171.0 | 179.8 | 159.0 | 189.1 | 182.9 | 153.0 | 201.5 | 252.0 | 269.7 | 2,452.7 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.2 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 6.7 |
| Source 1: NOAA[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1988–1996)[8] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Concepción (1961–1990, extremes 1937–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 43.0 (109.4) |
41.0 (105.8) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.2 (100.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
40.8 (105.4) |
41.8 (107.2) |
42.6 (108.7) |
41.4 (106.5) |
43.0 (109.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.4 (92.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.6 (81.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
27.2 (81.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.7 (72.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 152.8 (6.02) |
122.8 (4.83) |
140.1 (5.52) |
122.9 (4.84) |
124.8 (4.91) |
62.3 (2.45) |
42.6 (1.68) |
55.8 (2.20) |
67.7 (2.67) |
124.7 (4.91) |
161.8 (6.37) |
163.5 (6.44) |
1,341.8 (52.83) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 92 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69 | 73 | 74 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 72 | 70 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 70 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 224 | 213 | 217 | 184 | 182 | 152 | 183 | 156 | 173 | 208 | 222 | 222 | 2,336 |
| Source 1: NOAA (July, November, and December record highs, and March, April, May, August, and October record lows),[9] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun)[11][12] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Pilar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 42.4 (108.3) |
40.5 (104.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
33.7 (92.7) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.4 (104.7) |
41.6 (106.9) |
42.4 (108.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.1 (91.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
27.4 (81.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.6 (81.7) |
26.9 (80.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.7 (76.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.0 (53.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.3 (66.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
4.0 (39.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
0.7 (33.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.6 (38.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 168.9 (6.65) |
141.5 (5.57) |
161.0 (6.34) |
178.5 (7.03) |
95.3 (3.75) |
61.8 (2.43) |
57.9 (2.28) |
47.1 (1.85) |
82.9 (3.26) |
135.2 (5.32) |
157.2 (6.19) |
125.7 (4.95) |
1,413 (55.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 90 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69 | 72 | 75 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 76 | 74 | 71 | 69 | 69 | 67 | 73 |
| Source: NOAA[13][14] | |||||||||||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sánchez-Dávila, Gabriel (15 Sep 2022). "Clasificación climática de Sudamérica". ArcGIS StoryMaps (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Asuncion". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
- ^ "ASUNCION Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 8, 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Paraguay – Asuncion (pg 208)" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
- ^ "Ciudad del Este Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
- ^ "86246: Aeropuerto Int. Guarani (Paraguay)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 28 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ "Encarnación Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Encarnación / Rio Paraná, Dep. Itapuá / Paraguay" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
- ^ "Concepción Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
- ^ "Station Concepción" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ "Station 86134: Concepción". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^ "86134: Concepcion (Paraguay)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- ^ "Pilar Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
- ^ "86255: Pilar (Paraguay)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.