The Clitellata are a class of annelid worms, characterized by having a clitellum – the 'collar' that forms a reproductive cocoon during part of their life cycles. The clitellates comprise around 8,000 species. Unlike the class of Polychaeta, they do not have parapodia and their heads are less developed.
| Clitellata Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Earthworm | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Clade: | Sedentaria |
| Class: | Clitellata |
| Subclasses | |
|
Branchiobdellae | |
Characteristics
editClitellate annelids are segmented worms characterised by the clitellum or girdle which is located near the head end of mature individuals. The mouth is on the ventral surface and is overhung by the prostomium (proboscis). The brain is not located in the head but in one of the body segments. The clitellum is formed by a modification of several segments, and either includes the female gonopores or is located just behind them. During copulation, this glandular tissue secretes mucus that keeps the paired individuals together while they exchange sperm. Afterwards it secretes material that forms a cocoon that encircles the animal's body and encloses the eggs and sperm. The animal works this cocoon forward and over its head end, whereupon the ends of the cocoon become sealed, with fertilisation and development taking place inside.[2][3]
Earthworms and their kin, in the subclass Oligochaeta, lack eyes but have photoreceptor cells in the skin, especially in the dorsal portion of the anterior end. They also lack parapodia and appendages on the prostomium, the body and the periproct (terminal segment on which the anus is located). The gonads are located in a few segments near the clitellum, with the testes being anterior to the ovaries. There are four bundles of one to twenty-five chaetae on each segment; these have muscles attached to their bases and can be extended or retracted.[2]
Leeches, order Hirudinida,[4] mostly have flattened bodies, usually tapered at both ends. They have a fixed number of segments, 33, but the segmentation is not visible externally because the cuticle is marked with annulations. Leeches do not bear chaetae. The front few segments or head have been modified into a sucker that usually surrounds the mouth. These segments usually bear several ocelli on the upper side. The clitellum occupies segments 9 to 11 but is only noticeable during breeding periods. The hindermost segments form another, larger, disc-shaped sucker located on the underside of the body. The anus is on the dorsal surface just in front of the posterior sucker. The body wall includes strong transverse, longitudinal and diagonal muscles which give the animal great flexibility and extensibility.[2]
Genetic studies have shown the class' genome have gone through an extreme rearrangement, more than any other animals.[5]
Distribution and habitat
editClitellates live on land, in freshwater or in the ocean. The subclass Hirudinea (leeches) contains three orders with various habitat preferences. Branchiobdellida are commensal with freshwater crayfish, grazing algae from their exoskeletons. Acanthobdellida are parasitic on freshwater fishes such as grayling. Leeches can be found in nearly every part of the world, in freshwater, terrestrial, and marine habitats.
The subclass Oligochaeta, which includes the earthworms as the largest members of the group, mostly live on land, burrowing in damp soil. Smaller freshwater species burrow in mud or live among aquatic vegetation. The marine species are mostly tiny and live in the interstices between sand grains, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea.[2]
Reproduction
editAll clitellata are hermaphrodites. During copulation, the clitellum produces a mucus that holds worms in place whilst they mate. During reproduction, the clitellum secretes a yolk (albumen) and a proteinaceous sheath which hardens. The worm then creeps out backward from the coat and deposits either fertilized zygotes or both ovae and sperm into the coat, which is then packed into a cocoon. The zygotes then develop directly in the cocoon without passing through a larval stage (as opposed to other annelids, e.g. Polychaeta.) This mechanism is considered to be apomorphic (a newly derived characteristic rather than an evolutionarily ancestral one).[6]
Systematics
editAccording to modern phylogenetic analyses, the Clitellata are considered to be a monophyletic clade embedded deep in the polychaetes.[7][8][9]
The group is divided into the subclasses Oligochaeta and Hirudinea. The oligochaetes contain the tubificids (Naididae, Lumbricidae, and Lumbriculidae - commonly the tube worms and the earthworms. Hirudinea contains leeches (Hirudinida), Acanthobdellida, and Branchiobdellida.[10]
Hirudinea is monophyletic, but the clade is embedded among the Oligochaeta. Two approaches are possible:[11]
- abolish Oligochaeta as traditionally delimited in favor of a number of smaller monophyletic lineages[11]
- treat Oligochaeta and Clitellata as synonymous while splitting up the traditional "oligochaetes" into monophyletic lineages.[11]
Footnotes
edit- ^ Manum, S. B.; Bose, M. N.; Sawyer, R. Y. T. (1991). "Clitellate cocoons in freshwater deposits since the Triassic". Zoologica Scripta. 20 (4): 347. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1991.tb00300.x.
- ^ a b c d Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 459–482. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Animal reproductive system: Mechanisms that aid in the union of gametes: Annelids and mollusks". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Tessler, Michael; de Carle, Danielle; Voiklis, Madeleine L.; Gresham, Olivia A.; Neumann, Johannes S.; Cios, Stanisław; Siddall, Mark E. (1 October 2018). "Worms that suck: Phylogenetic analysis of Hirudinea solidifies the position of Acanthobdellida and necessitates the dissolution of Rhynchobdellida". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.001.
- ^ Earthworms have ‘completely scrambled’ genomes. Did that enable their ancestors to leave the sea?
- ^ Reichardt (2006): pp.63, 67–68
- ^ Zrzavý, Jan; Říha, Pavel; Piálek, Lubomír; Janouškovec, Jan (2009). "Phylogeny of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa): total-evidence analysis of morphology and six genes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 189. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-189. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2732625. PMID 19660115.
- ^ Struck, Torsten H.; Paul, Christiane; Hill, Natascha; Hartmann, Stefanie; Hösel, Christoph; Kube, Michael; Lieb, Bernhard; Meyer, Achim; Tiedemann, Ralph; Purschke, Günter; Bleidorn, Christoph (2011). "Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution". Nature. 471 (7336): 95–98. doi:10.1038/nature09864. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21368831. S2CID 4428998.
- ^ Weigert, Anne; Helm, Conrad; Meyer, Matthias; Nickel, Birgit; Arendt, Detlev; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Santos, Scott R.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Purschke, Günter; Bleidorn, Christoph; Struck, Torsten H. (2014). "Illuminating the Base of the Annelid Tree Using Transcriptomics". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (6): 1391–1401. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu080. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 24567512.
- ^ Tessler, Michael; de Carle, Danielle; Voiklis, Madeleine L.; Gresham, Olivia A.; Neumann, Johannes; Cios, Stanisław; Siddall, Mark E. (2018). "Worms that suck: Phylogenetic analysis of Hirudinea solidifies the positionof Acanthobdellida and necessitates the dissolution of Rhynchobdellida". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127 (127): 129–134. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.001.
- ^ a b c Erséus et al. (2008)
References
edit- Erséus, Christer; Wetzel, Mark J. & Gustavsson, Lena (2008): ICZN rules – a farewell to Tubificidae (Annelida, Clitellata). Zootaxa 1744: 66–68. PDF fulltext
- Reichardt, Anna Katharina (2006): Systematische Zoologie.
External links
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