In ufology, a close encounter is an event in which a person witnesses an unidentified flying object (UFO) at relatively close range, where the possibility of mis-identification is presumably greatly reduced. This terminology and the system of classification behind it were first suggested in astronomer and UFO researcher J. Allen Hynek's book The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry (1972).[1] Categories beyond Hynek's original three have been added by others but have not gained universal acceptance, mainly because they lack the scientific rigor that Hynek aimed to bring to ufology.[2]
Distant sightings more than 150 meters (500 ft) from the witness are classified as daylight discs, nocturnal lights, or radar/visual reports.[3] Sightings within about 150 meters (500 ft) are sub-classified as various types of close encounters. Hynek and others argued that a claimed close encounter must occur within about 150 meters (500 ft) to greatly reduce or eliminate the possibility of misidentifying conventional aircraft or other known phenomena.[4]
Hynek's scale became well known after being referenced in the classic sci-fi film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), which is named after the third level of the scale. Promotional posters for the film featured the three levels of the scale, and Hynek himself makes a cameo appearance near the end of the film.[citation needed]
Hynek's scale
editHynek devised a six-fold classification for UFO sightings.[5][6]
The six levels are arranged according to increasing proximity:
| Number | Title | Description | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nocturnal lights | Lights in the night sky.[7] | |
| 2 | Daylight discs | UFOs seen in the daytime, generally having discoidal or oval shapes.[8] | |
| 3 | Radar-visual | UFO reports that have radar confirmation—these supposedly try to offer harder evidence that the objects are real, although radar propagation can be occasionally discredited due to atmospheric propagation anomalies.[9] | |
| 4 | Close encounters of the first kind (CE1) | Visual sightings of an unidentified flying object, seemingly less than 500 feet (150 m) away, that show an appreciable angular extension and considerable detail. | |
| 5 | Close encounters of the second kind (CE2) | A UFO event in which a physical effect is alleged; this can be interference in the functioning of a vehicle or electronic device, animals reacting, a physiological effect such as paralysis or heat and discomfort in the witness, or some physical trace like impressions in the ground, scorched or otherwise affected vegetation, or a chemical trace. | |
| 6 | Close encounters of the third kind (CE3) | UFO encounters in which an animated entity is present—these include humanoids, robots, and humans who seem to be occupants or pilots of a UFO.[10] | See also: First contact (anthropology) |
Bloecher subtypes
editUFO researcher Ted Bloecher proposed six sub-types for the close encounters of the third kind in Hynek's scale:[11]
- Aboard: an entity is observed only inside the UFO.
- Both: an entity is observed inside and outside the UFO.
- Close: an entity is observed near to a UFO, but not going in or out.
- Direct: an entity is observed—no UFOs are seen by the observer, but UFO activity has been reported in the area at about the same time.
- Excluded: an entity is observed, but no UFOs are seen and no UFO activity has been reported in the area at that time.
- Frequence: no entity or UFOs are observed, but the subject experiences some sort of "intelligent communication".
Extensions of Hynek's scale
editAfter Hynek's death in 1986, his colleague Jacques Vallee extended Hynek's classification system by two steps, specifically close encounters of the fourth and fifth kinds, as published in Vallee's book Confrontations: A Scientist's Search for Alien Contact (1990).[12]
The Mutual UFO Network immediately adopted the extensions to the classification scale and has used them ever since.[citation needed]
Close encounters of the fourth kind (CE4)
editA close encounter of the fourth kind is a UFO event in which a human is abducted by a UFO or its occupants.[13] This type was not included in Hynek's original close encounters scale.[14]
Hynek's former associate Jacques Vallée argued in the Journal of Scientific Exploration that the fourth kind should refer to "cases when witnesses experienced a transformation of their sense of reality", to also include non-abduction cases where absurd, hallucinatory or dreamlike events are associated with UFO encounters.[15][unreliable source?]
The film The Fourth Kind (2009) makes reference to this category.[citation needed]
Close encounters of the fifth kind (CE5)
editAs stated in Vallee's Confrontations (1990), a close encounter of the fifth kind is where an alien abductee receives some manner of physical effect from their close encounter, typically either injury or healing.[12]
Several years after Vallee's classification updates, some preferred that a close encounter of the fifth kind instead refer to human-initiated contact with extraterrestrial life forms or advanced interstellar civilizations, claiming direct communication between aliens and humans.[13] This alternate interpretation of what a close encounter of the fifth kind (ce5) should represent has been contributed to Steven M. Greer.[16] While technically not an extension of the Vallee scale that measures result-oriented data, this replacement of the originally coined CE5 classification has become popular in marketing human-initiated contact events.[citation needed]
In a CE5 event, individuals or groups use specific protocols to establish communication or interaction with extraterrestrial beings. These protocols primarily involve the use of contact meditation and use of sounds or signals. Close encounters of the fifth kind is also referred to as human initiated close encounter.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Hynek, Allen J. (1998) [First published 1972]. The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-1-56924-782-2.
- ^ Clark, Jerome (1998). The UFO Book. Detroit: Visible Ink Press.
- ^ Hynek, 1972, 1998, p. 6
- ^ Hynek, 1972, 1998, p. 20; see also the program UFO Hunters episode "Alien Contact" aired on 23 April 2008 on the History Channel.
- ^ Steven J. Dick (28 December 1999). The Biological Universe: The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–. ISBN 978-0-521-66361-8. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ Goldsmith, Donald; Tobias C. Owen (April 2001). The search for life in the universe. University Science Books. pp. 521–. ISBN 978-1-891389-16-0. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
- ^ J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Enquiry, Ballantine Books, 1972, p. 41.
- ^ J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Enquiry, Ballantine Books, 1972, p. 59.
- ^ J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Enquiry, Ballantine Books, 1972, pp. 80-1.
- ^ J. Allen Hynek, The UFO Experience: A Scientific Enquiry, Ballantine Books, 1972, p. 158.
- ^ Hendry, Allan (August 1979). The UFO Handbook: A Guide to Investigating, Evaluating and Reporting UFO Sightings. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-14348-6.
- ^ a b Vallee, Jacques (1990). Confrontations: A Scientist's Search for Alien Contact. Charlottesville, VA: Anomalist Books. ISBN 978-1933665290.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b "What're close encounters of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth kind?" S.P.S. Jain. The Times of India. 22 March 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ^ The UFO Experience: A Scientific Enquiry. 1972. ISBN 978-1-56924-782-2.
- ^ Vallee, Jacques (1998). "Physical Analysis in Ten Cases of Unexplained Aerial Objects with Material Samples" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. pp. 359–375. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
- ^ Greer, Steven M. (1999). Extraterrestrial Contact: The Evidence and Implications. Crossing Point Inc. ISBN 0-967-32380-0.
- ^ Hernandez J.D., Reinerio; Schild, Rudy; Klimo, Jon (2018). Beyond UFOs: The Science of Consciousness & Contact with Non Human Intelligence (Volume One). The Dr. Edgar Mitchell FREE Foundation. ISBN 1-548-72116-6.
Bibliography
edit- "Close Encounters with Extra-terrestrials". h2g2. 25 April 2010 [19 May 2003].
- Casteel, Sean. "C.D.B. Bryan of "Close Encounters Of The Fourth Kind"". Archived from the original on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
- "close encounters". The Worlds of David Darling. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
- "Hynek Classification System". SCIFI.com. Archived from the original on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
- Naisbitt, Michael (Oct 22, 2007). "Defining a "Close Encounter"". UFO.Whipnet.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-05. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- "Close encounter". The Black Vault Encyclopedia Project. Archived from the original on Jun 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- Däniken, Erich von (1972). Chariots of the Gods. Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-16680-5.