In Chile, coal mining is restricted to a few places located in its southern half. Energy originating from coal stands for 11,6% of Chile's electricity consumption.[1] Currently the country is not considered a major producer of coal.[2]
The three zones of mining are Zona Central Sur (36–38° S), Zona Sur[A] (39–42° S) and Zona Austral[B] (51–54° S) in southernmost Chile.[1][3] Most of the coal resources of Chile lie in Zona Austral at southernmost Chile.[4]
| District[3] | Sub-district[3] | Coal-bearing formations | Coal age[5][6] | Sedimentary basin | Coal grade[3][4] | Large-scale mining at present |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zona Central Sur | Sector Norte | Itata Basin | Sub-bituminous | No | ||
| Sector Sur | Curanilahue Formation,[4] Trihueco Formation | Eocene | Arauco Basin | Bituminous | No | |
| Zona Sur | Pupunahue Beds, Mulpún Beds, Cheuquemó Formation, Parga Formation | Eocene or Oligo–Miocene | Pupunahue-Mulpún Neogene Carboniferous Basin, Osorno–Llanquihue Basin | Sub-bituminous | No, mining ceased in the early 2000s | |
| Zona Austral | Loreto Formation | Eocene-Oligocene | Magallanes Basin | Lignitic and Sub-bituminous | No, mining in Invierno ceased in 2020[7][8] |
Zona Central Sur
edit
Usage of coal from Bío Bío Region as fuel dates back to at least 1557 when, according to Diego de Rosales, governor García Hurtado de Mendoza stayed in Quiriquina Island.[3] Early British travelers had differing opinions on the economic value of Chilean coals, or more specifically, the coals of Zona Central Sur. While David Barry found the coals to be of good quality, Charles Darwin found them of little value. The British consul in Chile correctly predicted in 1825 that the area around the mouth of Biobío River would be a centre of coal industry.[9]
It was however not until the mid-19th century that large scale coal mining began in the region.[10][3] The initial trigger of coal mining was the arrival of steamships to the port of Talcahuano. These steam ships, most of whom were English, bought initially the coal very cheaply and the exploited coal seams were easy to work as they laid almost at ground level.[11] The mining district of Biobío Region can be divided in two sectors: one south and one north of Biobío River.[3]
Sector Norte
editIn the northern sector the mine of Lirquén, which provided coal to the cement plant of "Melón" was once the most important one. The northern sector contains sub-bituminous coal.[3]
Sector Sur
editThe coals of the southern sector, i.e. those of Arauco Basin, are chiefly of bituminous nature.[3] Industrialist Matías Cousiño begun mining operations in Lota in 1852.[3] Coal mining transformed rapidly Lota, from being a sparsely populated frontier zone in the mid-19th century, into a large industrial hub that attracted immigrants from all over Chile well into the 20th century.[11] Lota's coal mines were nationalized by Salvador Allende due to civil unrest and heavy Socialist support, but privatized again under Augusto Pinochet.[12] Given a high density of geological faults that displace the coal beds and the thin nature of these (less than one metre) mining activity in Arauco Basin proved difficult to mechanize.[13] Traditionally the centre of coal mining in Chile, large-scale coal mining in Arauco Basin ended in the 1990s.[14] Despite the decline of the coal industry communities in the zone continue to identify with it.[11]
The following mines were at times active in Sector Sur of Zona Centro Sur: El Chiflón del Diablo, El Chiflón Costa, Mina Consolidada, Mina Chiflones Fortuna, Mina Manto Grande, Mina Socavón Victoria, Pique Anita and others.[3]
Zona Sur
editThe Zona Sur coal district spans the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos, roughly from the area of Valdivia to Chiloé Archipelago. The coals of the Zona Sur district are sub-bituminous.[3]
The geological context of the coals of Zona Sur is not fully understood as there are divergent views on the stratigraphy and the ages the coals. The study of the coals is hampered by the fact that there are few coal outcrops and attempted correlation between different localities has not been satisfactory. Age estimations vary. A common view is that the coals of Zona Sur are of Oligo-Miocene age being thus younger than those of Arauco Basin further north. Yet findings of foraminifers appear to indicate for older ages, that is Eocene.[5] The geological units containing economically significant amounts of coal are the Pupunahue Beds, the very similar Mulpún Beds, Cheuquemó Formation and Parga Formation.[15][16][17]
Some of the better known coal mines of Los Ríos Region are: Arrau, Catamutún, Ciruelo, Máfil, Mulpún and Pupunahue.[3] While these mines had occasional spurts in activity only Catamutún was in continuous operation in the 1940s–2001 period.[3][1] Mining in Catamutún, the only active coal mine in Los Ríos Region at the time, halted after an underground fire in 2001.[1]
During a period of the 20th century the electric grid of the city of Valdivia was powered by coal from the mines near Máfil.[3] Starting in 2009 Antofagasta Minerals and Carbon Energy developed together an underground coal gasification project in the closed Mulpún mine, however the project was put on hold in 2013.[18][19][20]
Somewhat south, in Los Lagos Region, coal beds can be found in the geological formations of Cheuquemó and Parga. The thin coal beds of this last formation were subject of small-scale mining operations around the turn of the 20th century.[15]
Zona Austral
editIn Magallanes Region, Riesco Island is being investigated for new projects.[14] Coal was first discovered in Magallanes Region by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa who visited the Straits of Magellan in 1584.[21]
The following mines have been exploited in Zona Austral over the years: Chilenita, Chinita, El Chino, Estela, Elena, Fernández Rocuant, Invierno, Josefina, Loreto, Magdalena, Natales, Peckett, Punta Arenas, Servidora, Soledad, Tres Hermanos, Tres Pasos, Tres Puentes, Vulcano.[21][22]
Notes
edit- ^ Not to be confused with the natural region of Zona Sur.
- ^ Not to be confused with the natural region of Zona Austral.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Carbon Archived 2012-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. CNE. Accessed on September 10. 2012.
- ^ "Coal Mining in Chile - Overview". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Davis, Eliodoro Martín (1990). "Breves recuerdos de algunas actividades mineras del carbón". Actas. Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción. pp. 189–203.
- ^ a b c Hackley, Paul C.; Warwick, Peter D.; Alfaro, Guillermo H.; Cuebas, Rosenelsy M. (2006). "World Coal Quality Inventory: Chile" (PDF). World Coal Quality Inventory: South America (Report). USGS. pp. 90–131. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ a b Finger, Kenneth L.; Encinas, Alfonso (2009). "Recognition and implications of globigerinathekids (Eocene planktic foraminifera) in coal-bearing successions of the forearc of south-central Chile (37º45'-41º50'S)". Ameghiniana. 46 (2).
- ^ Torres, T.; Meón, H.; Otero, R.; Galleguillos, H. (2009), Palinoflora y macroflora de la Formación Loreto, Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes, Chile (PDF), XII Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2019-02-15
- ^ González Encina, Verónica (2022-03-08). "Copec concreta la venta de su participación en Mina Invierno". Reporte Minero (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ El Espectador (2021-04-18). "A un año del cierre de Mina Invierno". El Pingüino (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-08.
- ^ Mazzei de Grazia, Leonardo (1997). "Los Británicos y el carbón en Chile" (PDF). Atenea (in Spanish): 137–167.
- ^ Endlicher, Wilfried. 1986. Desarrollo Histórico-genético y División Funcional del Centro Carbonífero[permanent dead link]. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande.
- ^ a b c Vivallos Espinoza, Carlos; Brito Peña, Alejandra (2010). "Inmigración y sectores populares en las minas de carbón de Lota y Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)" [Immigration and popular sectors in the coal mines of Lota and Coronel (Chile 1850-1900)]. Atenea (in Spanish). 501: 73–94.
- ^ Clifford Krauss, Chile's Leader Remains Socialist but Acts Like Pragmatist, Copyright 2001 The New York Times Company. December 10, 2001, Monday, Late Edition - Final Archived March 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Carbón mantiene su sitial en Chile
- ^ a b Explotacion Reservas. CNE. Accessed on September 10. 2012.
- ^ a b Elgueta, Sara; Le Roux, Jacobus; Duhart, Paul; McDonough, Michael; Urqueta, Esteban (2000). Estratigrafía y sedimentología de la cuencas terciarias de la Región de Los Lagos (39-41°30'S) (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería. pp. 15–16. ISSN 0020-3939.
- ^ Alfaro, G.; Gantz, E.; Magna, O. (1990). "El yacimiento de carbón Catamutún (La Unión)". Actas. Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción. pp. 11–28.
- ^ Villablanca, D.; Alfaro, G.; Quinzio, L.A. (2003). Sedimentología de la cuenca carbonífera Neógena de Pupunahue-Mulpún, X Región de Los Lagos, Chile (PDF). 10° Congreso Geológico Chileno (in Spanish). Concepción: Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Concepción. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2017.
- ^ Proyecto Gasificará el Carbón para Generar Energía Eléctrica
- ^ Hernán Scandizzo (31 December 2016). "Carbón 2.0, otro capítulo de la saga no convencional" [Coal 2.0, another chapter of the non-conventional energy saga] (in Spanish). Rebelion.org. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
- ^ Socio australiano busca vender el 30% de proyecto de gas en Valdivia al grupo Luksic
- ^ a b Martinic, Mateo (2004). "La minería del carbón en Magallanes entre 1868 - 2003". Historia (in Spanish). 31 (1): 129–167.
- ^ Llegaron cargadores de barcos para puerto de Mina Invierno Archived 2012-08-14 at the Wayback Machine. La Prensa Austral. August 12, 2012.
