The Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 5 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a bi-lingual Greek and Latin manuscript of the New Testament written in an uncial hand on parchment. It contains most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of 3 John. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is currently dated to the 5th century.[1]
| New Testament manuscript | |
.jpg) A sample of the Greek text from the Codex Bezae | |
| Name | Bezae |
|---|---|
| Sign | Dea |
| Text | Gospels and Acts of Apostles |
| Date | c. 400 |
| Script | Greek-Latin diglot |
| Now at | University of Cambridge |
| Size | 26 × 21.5 cm (10.2 × 8.5 in) |
| Type | Western text-type |
| Category | IV |
A digital facsimile of the codex is available from Cambridge University Library, which holds the manuscript.[2]
Description
editThe manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing 406 extant parchment leaves, from perhaps an original 534 (26 x 21.5 cm), written one column per page with the Greek text on the left face and the Latin text on the right.[3] The text is written colometrically and is full of hiatus. The first three lines of each book are in red letters, and black and red ink alternate the title of books. As many as eleven correctors (G, A, C, B, D, E, H, F, J1, L, K) have amended the text of the manuscript between the sixth and twelfth centuries.[4]: 35–43, 123–163 The Greek text of the codex has some copying errors, e.g., errors of metathesis (the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word): in John 1:3, ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ (egeneto) was changed into ΕΝΕΓΕΤΟ (enegeto); in Acts 1:9, ΥΠΕΛΑΒΕΝ (hypelaben) into ΥΠΕΒΑΛΕΝ (hypebalen).
The following nomina sacra (sacred names/words considered sacred in Christianity) are employed in the manuscript (the ones cited here are only nominative case (subject case) examples): ΙΗΣ (Ιησους, Iēsous 'Jesus'), ΧΡΣ (Χριστος, Christos 'Christ'), ΠΑΡ (πατηρ, patēr 'Father'), ΣΤΗ (σταυρωθη, staurōthē '[he] was crucified'). Other words which usually feature among the nomina sacra are written out in full: μητερ (mēter 'Mother'), υιος (huios 'Son'), σωτηρ (sōter 'savior'), ανθρωπος (anthrōpos 'man'), ουρανος (ouranos 'sky'), Δαυιδ (David), Ισραηλ (Israel), and Ιηρουσαλημ (Iērousalēm 'Jerusalm').[5]
Codex contents
editThe manuscript presents the gospels in the so-called Western order of Matthew, John, Luke and Mark, of which only Luke is complete; after some missing pages the manuscript picks up with the Third Epistle of John (in Latin) and contains part of Acts.[6]: xiv
- Lacunae
- Matthew 1:1–20, 6:20–9:2, 27:2–12; John 1:16–3:26; Acts 8:29–10:14, 21:2–10, 21:16–18, 22:10–20, 22:29–end[6]: xiv–xv
- Omitted verses
- Matthew 5:20; 5:30; 9:34; 10:37b; 10:41b; 21:44; 23:14
- Mark 15:28
- Luke 5:39; Luke 11:32; Luke 11:36; 12:21; 19:25; 23:34; 24:5; 24:12; 24:40
- John 5:4
- Supplementations (by a later hand)
- Matthew 3:7–16; Mark 16:15–20; John 18:14–20:13[6]: xiv–xv
Text type
editThe Greek text is unique, with many interpolations found in no other manuscript. It has several remarkable omissions, and a capricious tendency to rephrase sentences. Aside from this one Greek manuscript, the type of text is found in Old Latin (pre-Vulgate) versions — as seen in the Latin here — and in Syriac, and Armenian versions. Bezae is the principal Greek representative of the Western text-type.[7]: 73
There is no consensus on the many problems the Greek text presents. Since the Latin text occasionally agrees with Codices Bobiensis and Vercellensis against all others, it "preserves an ancient form of the Old Latin", and is a witness to a text which was current no later than 250 CE.[7]: 103 Issues of conformity have dogged the usage of the codex in biblical scholarship. "In general the Greek text is treated as an unreliable witness," but it is "an important corroborating witness wherever it agrees with other early manuscripts."[8]
Some of the outstanding features: Matthew 16:2b–3 is present and not marked as doubtful or spurious. One of the longer endings of Mark is given. Luke 22:43f and Pericope de adultera are present and not marked as spurious or doubtful. John 5:4 is omitted, and the text of Acts is nearly 8% longer than the generally received text. It also includes a story of a man working on the Sabbath placed after Luke 6:4 which is not found in any other manuscript.[9]
Acts in Codex Bezae differs quite considerably from other manuscripts, which some argue possibly represents an earlier version directly from Luke.[10]
Notable readings
edit
Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis contains some extraordinary readings.[11] Below is a selection of some of the more notable or unsupported readings, with text and translation.
- διὰ Ησαιου τοῦ προφήτου (through Isaiah the prophet) : D itmss vgmss syrs,(c),h,pal sams arm Diatessaronsyr Irenaeuslat
- διὰ τοῦ προφήτου (through the prophet) : Majority Byz
- ὑπὸ κυριου διὰ Ἰερεμίου (by the LORD through Jeremiah) : D itaur
- διὰ Ἰερεμίου (through Jeremiah) : א B C al
- ὑπὸ Ἰερεμίου (by Jeremiah) : Majority Byz
- καταβαίνοντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὡς περιστερὰν (descending out of heaven like a dove) : D it vgmss syrh
- καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰν (deceding like a dove) : Majority Byz
- ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος (proceeds out through the mouth)
- ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης (for the sake of righteousness) : D itmss
- ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ (for my sake) : Majority Byz
- ὃς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν (but whoever will do [them] and should teach [them], the same will be called great in the kingdom of the heavens)
- καὶ ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ, μοιχᾶται (and whoever should marry her who is divorced, he commits adultery)
- ὑπὲρ τῶν επηρεαζοντων υμας, καὶ διωκόντων ὑμᾶς : D L W Δ Θ 047 ƒ13 33. 118. 700. 892. Byz lat syrp, h,pal mae-1 goth Clement Eusebius
- ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς : א B ƒ1 22 279 660* 1192 2786* itk syrs, c sa bo Irenaeuslat Origen Cyprian
- πρόσευξαι τῷ πατρί σου ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (shut the door and pray to your Father in secret) : D ƒ1 ƒ13 700. syrs,c bomss
- πρόσευξαι τῷ πατρί σου τῷ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret) : Majority Byz
- ἀνοῖξαι τὸ στόμα (open your mouth) : D ith
- αἰτῆσαι αὐτόν (ask him) : Majority Byz
- Λεββαῖος (Lebbaeus) : D itk,μ Origenlat
- Θαδδαῖος (Thaddeus) : א B 124 788. 892. 2211. f13mss 17. 130. 892. itaur,c,ff1l vg sa bo
- Λεββαῖος ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Θαδδαῖος (Lebbaeus, called Thaddeus) : C2 L W X Δ Θ ƒ1 ƒ13mss 22. 33. 565. 579. 700. Byz itf syrp, h,pal arm
- Judas Zelotes (Judas the Zealot) : ita,b,g1,h, q
- omit. : syrs
- τῆς οἰκίας ἢ (that house or)
- Omit. : D arm
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνων σταθήσεσθε (you shall be caused to stand before governors)
- δοθήσεται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ τί λαλήσητε (for it will be given to you in that hour what you should speak)
- Omit. : D L itmss vgmss Epiphanius
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ἐργαζόμενος (Are you the one who is to labor) : D*
- ἐρχόμενος (Are you the one who is to come) : Majority Byz
- καὶ χωλοὶ περιπατοῦσιν (and the lame are walking)
- Omit. : D
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- λαλεῖ ἀγαθὰ (speaks good) : D* itd
- λαλεῖ (speaks) : Majority Byz
- Πορεύθητι, καὶ εἰπὲ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ (Go, and tell the people this)
- Incl. : D itmss mae-1 Eusebius
- Omit. : Majority Byz
- ὃν ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα (whom I beheaded)
- Incl. : D ita,b,ff1,h vgmss
- Omit. : Majority Byz
- Φιλίππου (of Philip)
- Omit. : D itmss vgmss Augustine
- Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 14:8
ἐπὶ πίνακι (on a platter)
- Omit. : D
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- οὐκ ἔξεστιν (it is not permitted) : D itmss syrs, c Origen
- οὐκ ἐστιν (it is not) : 1293. Tertullian Eusebius
- οὐκ καλὸν ἐστιν (right it is not) : 544. 1010. geo
- οὐκ ἔστιν καλὸν (it is not right) : Majority Byz
- κωφούς (mute)
- Omit. : D
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς πάντας (and he healed them all) : D itmss sa boms
- ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς (and he healed them) : Majority Byz
- μήποτε ἐκλυθῶσιν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ (lest they should faint in the way)
- Omit. : D*
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- Μαγαδάν (Magadan) : א* B D
- Μαγεδάν (Magedan) : א2 Δlat latmss syrs, c,(p) cosa Eusebius
- Μαγδαλάν (Magdalan) : C N W 33. 565. 579. itq mae-1 cobo
- Μαγδαλά (Magdala) : L Δgr Θ ƒ1 ƒ13 22 892. Byz syrh
- καὶ μοιχαλὶς (and adulterous)
- Omit. : D itmss
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ σῴζοντος (the son of the saving God) : D*
- ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (the son of the living God) : Majority Byz
- ὄρος ὑψηλὸν λίαν (very high mountain) : D Eusebius
- ὄρος ὑψηλὸν κατʼ ἰδίαν (high mountain by themselves) : Majority Byz
- λευκὰ ὡς χιών (white as snow) : D latmss syrc bomss
- λευκὰ ὡς τὸ φῶς (white as the light) : Majority Byz
- οὕτως καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μέλλει πάσχειν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν (So also the Son of Man is about to suffer at their hands)
- Incl. in 17:12 : Majority Byz
- Place in 17:13 : D ita,b,c,d,e,ff1,ff2,g1,n,r1
- τῶν μικρῶν τούτων τῶν πιστευόντων εἰς ἐμέ (these little ones who believe in me) : D itmss vgmss syrc cosamss
- τῶν μικρῶν τούτων (these little ones') : Majority Byz
- μαρτύρων (witnesses) : Majority Byz
- omit : D
- omit: D* itn
- ἔσται δεδεμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὅσα ἐὰν λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς (will be bound in heaven, and whatever you should loosen upon the earth) : Majority Byz
- ἐξεπλήσσοντο καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα (they were astonished and they were afraid exceedingly) : D itmss vgmss syrc
- omit : Majority Byz
- ἢ πατέρα (or father)
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- Omit. : D
- ἢ γυναῖκα (or wife)
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- Omit. : D
ὑμεῖς δὲ ζητεῖτε ἐκ μικροῦ αὐξήσαι καὶ ἐκ μείζονος ἔλαττον εἶναι εἰσερχόμενοι δὲ καὶ παρακληθέντες δειπνῆσαι μὴ ἀνὰκλινεσθε εἷς τοὺς ἐξἔχοντας τόπους μήποτε ἐνδοξότερον σου ἐπέλθῃ καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ δειπνοκλήτωρ εἴπῃ σοι ἔτι κάτω χὼρει καὶ καταισχυνθήσῃ ἐὰν δὲ αναπεσής εἷς τόν ἥττονα τόπον καὶ ἐπέλθῃ σου ἥττων ἐρεῖ σοι ὁ δειπνοκλήτωρ σύναγε ἔτι ἄνω καὶ ἔσται σοι τοῦτο χρήσιμον But seek to increase from that which is small, and to become less from that which is greater. When you enter into a house and are summoned to dine, do not sit down at the prominent places, lest perchance a man more honorable than you come in afterwards, and he who invited you come and say to you, "Go down lower"; and you shall be ashamed. But if you sit down in the inferior place, and one inferior to you come in, then he that invited you will say to you, "Go up higher"; and this will be advantageous for you.[7]: 71
- Ἄρατε αὐτόν ποδῶν καὶ χειρῶν καὶ Βάλετε αὐτόν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (Take him by his feet and his hands and cast him into the outer darkness) : D ita,b,c,d,e,ff1,ff2,h,q,r1 syrs, c Irenaeuslat Lucifer
- Δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἐκβάλετε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (After binding him by his feet and his hands, cast him into the outer darkness) : א B L Θ 085 ƒ1 22 700. 892. itaur,f,g1,l vg syrp co Didymus
- Δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἄρατε αὐτόν καὶ ἐκβάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (After binding him by his feet and his hands, take and cast him into the outer darkness) : C (M) W Δ (Φ) 0102 33. (565.)(579.) (1241.) (1424.) Byz itf syr(h)
- Βάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (castpl [him] into the outer darkness) : ƒ13
- τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ (his wife)
- Omit. : D
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας (from that hour) : D W ƒ1 1506 ita,d,q syrs, c bomss Origen
- ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας (from that day) : Majority Byz
- καὶ τῆς παροψίδος (and the plate)
- καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν μαστιγώσετε ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς ὑμῶν (and of them, ye will scourge in your synagogues)
- ἀρχομένων δὲ τούτων γίνεσθαι ἀναβλέψατε καὶ ἐπάρατε τὰς κεφαλὰς ὑμῶν διότι ἐγγίζει ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ὑμῶν (But when these things begin happening, look up and lift up your heads, because that your redemption is approaching)
- Incl. : D 1093. itb,c,d,h,q,r1
- Omit. : Majority Byz
- καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ (and a leather belt roundabout his waist)
- Omit. : D ita,b,d,ff2,r1,t vgms
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- απεκριτη : D
- λεγιων ονομα μοι : א B C L Δ
- απεκριθη λεγων : E 565. 700.
- λεγεων : A W Θ ƒ1 ƒ13 Byz[12]: 102
- και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων (and within three days another will arise without hands)
Mark 15:34 (see Psalms 22:2)
- ἁπτύξας (touched) : D*
- ἀναπτύξας (unrolled) : א Dc K Δ Θ Π Ψ ƒ1 ƒ13 28. 565. 700. 1009. 1010. 1071. 1079. 1216. 1230. 1242. 1253. 1344. 1546. 1646. 2148. 2174. Byz
- ἀνοίξας (opened) : A B L W Ξ 33. 892. 1195. 1241. ℓ 547 syrs, h,pal bo sa
- τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ, θεασάμενός τινα ἐργαζόμενον τῷ σαββάτῳ, εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἄνθρωπε, εἰ μὲν οἴδας τί ποιεῖς, μακάριοις εἶ· εἰ δὲ μὴ οἴδας, ἐπικατάρατος καὶ παραβάτης εἶ τοῦ νόμου. (On that same day, seeing someone working on the Sabbath, he (Jesus) said to him, 'Man, if you know what you do, blessed are you; but if you do not know, you are cursed and a transgressor of the law.')
- και εγενετο οτε ετελεσεν ταυτα τα ρηματα λαλων ηλθεν : D (it syrh(mg)
- επειδη επληρωσεν παντα τα ρηματα αυτου εις τας ακοας του λαου εισηλθεν : Majority Byz
- και ειπεν, Ουκ οιδατε ποιου πνευματος εστε (But He turned and rebuked them and He said: You do not know what manner of spirit you are of) : D (ℓ 1127m) D geo Epiphanius
- καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐκ οἰδατε οἵου πνεύματός ἐστε ὑμεῖς : Byz
- Omit. : א A B C L Δ Ξ 28. 33. 71. 157. al
- ἐφ ἡμᾶς ἐλθέτω σου ἡ βασιλεία (Let thine kingdom come upon us) : D
- ἐλθέτω τὸ πνεῦμα σου τὸ ἄγιον εφ ημας και καθαρισατω ημας (May your Holy Spirit come upon us and cleanse us) : 162. 700.
- ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (May your kingdom come) : Byz
- ἐλθάτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (May your kingdom come) : C P W Δ ƒ13 1241
- Omit. : geo
- ηγγισεν : D Codex Regius
- εγγιζεν : Majority Byz[12]: 232
- ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγεν πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς, οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν (Then Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they are doing")
- τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (the Lord Jesus)
- Omit. : D ita,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἀλλὰ ἠγέρθη
- Omit. : D ita,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1 armmss geomss
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ἁμαρτωλῶν (sinful)
- Omit. : D ita,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου (from the tomb)
- Omit. : D ita,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1 arm geo
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- καὶ ἐστάθησαν (and they stood still)
- Omit. : D Cyril
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (and said to them, "Peace be unto you")
- Omit. : D ita,b,e,ff2,l,r1
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- και απο μελισσιου κηριου (and honeycomb of the beehive)
- τοῦ πατρός (my Father)
- Omit. : D ite
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (and he was being uplifted into the sky)
- υιος σου : Dgr
- υιος αυτου : Dlat
- οὐ γὰρ συγχρῶνται Ἰουδαῖοι Σαμαρίταις (for Jews have no dealings with Samaritans)
- καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν ἁμαρτάνουσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ· (and they are the ones who sin concerning Me) : D
- καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ· (and they testify concerning Me) : Majority Byz
- της θαλασσης της Γαλιλαιας εις τα μερη της Τιβεριαδος : D Θ 892. 1009. 1230. 1253. itb,d,e
- τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος : Majority Byz
- εγω ουκ αναβαινω (I am not going) : א D K 1241.
- εγω ουπω αναβαινω (I am not yet going) : B L T W Θ Ψ 0105 0180 0250 ƒ1 ƒ13 Byz[12]: 269
- Omit. : D
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- εἰς τὴν χώραν Σαμφουριν ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου (into the region of Sepphoris near the wilderness) : D
- εἰς τὴν χώραν ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου (into the region near the wilderness) : Majority Byz[12]: 289
- Omit. : D
- Incl. : Majority Byz
- καὶ οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἐν τῷ τούτῳ τῷ κόσμῳ (and no longer am I in this world) : D b c f ff2 q
- καὶ οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ (and no longer am I in the world) : Majority Byz
- ουκετι ειμι εν τω κοσμω· και εν τω κοσμω ειμι (no longer am I in this world, and I am in the world)
- και ιδεν και ουκ επιστευσεν (and saw and did not believe) : D
- και ιδεν και επιστευσεν (and saw and believed) : Majority Byz
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History
editThe codex's place of origin is still disputed; both Gaul (current France) and southern Italy have been suggested.[15][4]: 261–276 Other proposed places of origin include Egypt, Palestine and Beirut.[9]
The manuscript is believed to have been repaired at Lyon (France) in the ninth century, as revealed by a distinctive ink used for supplementary pages. It was closely guarded for many centuries in the monastic library of St Irenaeus at Lyon. The manuscript was consulted, perhaps in Italy, for disputed readings at the Council of Trent, and was at about the same time collated for Stephanus's edition of the Greek New Testament. During the upheavals of the Wars of Religion in the 16th century, when textual analysis had a new urgency among the Reformation's Protestants, the manuscript was stolen from the monastic library in Lyon when French Huguenots ransacked the library in 1562. It was delivered to the Protestant scholar Theodore Beza,[16] the friend and successor of Calvin, who gave it in 1581 to the University of Cambridge, in the comparative security of England, which accounts for its double name. It remains in the Cambridge University Library (Nn. II 41).[1][7]: 70–73
Scholar John Mill collated and biblical scholar Johann Jakob Wettstein transcribed (in 1716) the text of the codex. Both did their editions of the Greek Testament, but both did their work carelessly. A much better collation was made about 1732 by John Dickinson.
In 1787, the University of Cambridge appointed Dr Thomas Kipling to edit a facsimile edition which appeared in two volumes in 1793.
The English cleric Frederick H. A. Scrivener edited the text of the codex in 1864 (rewritten text of the codex)[6] and published a photographic facsimile in 1899.
The importance of the manuscript is such that a colloquium held at Lunel, Hérault, in the south of France on 27–30 June 1994 was entirely devoted to it.[17] Papers discussed the many questions it poses to our understanding of the use of the Gospels and Acts in early Christianity, and of the text of the New Testament.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ "Codex Bezae facsimile at the Cambridge Digital Library".
- ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
- ^ a b Parker, David Charles (1992). Codex Bezae: An Early Christian Manuscript and its Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07236-6.
- ^ Gregory, Caspar Rene (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 43. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1864). Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. London: Bell and Daldy.
- ^ a b c d Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4 ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516122-9.
- ^ Michael Marlowe. "Bible Researcher". Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2004.
- ^ a b "Christian Works: Codex Bezae". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ Wilson, J. M. (1923). The Acts of the Apostles, translated from the Codex Bezae with an Introduction on its Lucan origin and Importance. New York and Toronto: The Macmillan Co. ISBN 978-1-61097-123-2.
- ^ Epp, Eldon Jay (2005). The Theological Tendency of Codex Bezae Cantebrigiensis in Acts. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-02047-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce M.; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1981). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (26 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung. ISBN 3-438-051001. (NA26)
- ^ Perowne, John James Stewart (1893). Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges: The Gospel According to St. Luke. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Deighton, Bell, & Co. p. 179.
- ^ UBS4, p. 311
- ^ Birdsall, James Neville (1986). "The Geographical and Cultural Origin of the Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis: A Survey of the Status Quaestionis, mainly from the Palaeographical Standpoint". In Schrage, Wolfgang (ed.). Studien zum Text und zur Ethik des Neuen Testaments: Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Heinrich Greeven. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 102–114. doi:10.1515/9783110850154-008. ISBN 9783110850154.
- ^ Knight, Kevin (2017). "Codex Bezae". www.newadvent.org. New Advent. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Beza wrote in the letter accompanying his gift that the manuscript was obtained from the monastery of St. Irenæus in Lyons, during the war in 1562. Lyons was sacked by the Huguenots in that year and this manuscript was probably part of the loot. The reformer said it had lain in the monastery for long ages, neglected and covered with dust; but his statement is rejected by most modern scholars. It is claimed, in fact, that this codex is the one which was used at the Council of Trent in 1546 by William Dupré (English writers persist in calling this Frenchman a Prato), Bishop of Clermont in Auvergne, to confirm a Latin reading of John 21, si eum volo manere, which is found only in the Greek of this codex. Moreover, it is usually identified with Codex beta, whose peculiar readings were collated in 1546 for Stephens' edition of the Greek Testament by friends of his in Italy. Beza himself, after having first denominated his codex Lugdunensis, later called it Claromontanus, as if it came not from Lyons, but from Clermont (near Beauvais, not Clermont of Auvergne). All this, throwing Beza's original statement into doubt, indicates that the manuscript was in Italy in the middle of the sixteenth century, and has some bearing upon the locality of the production.
- ^ The story of the colloquium has been chronicled by one of the participants: J.-M. Auwers, "Le colloque international sur le Codex Bezae", Revue Théologique de Louvain 26 (1995), 405–412. See also: Parker, David Charles; Amphoux, Christian, eds. (1996). Codex Bezae, Studies from the Lunel Colloquium. Leiden: Brill..
Further reading
edit- Amphoux, Christian-B. (2004). "La grande lacune du Codex de Bèze". Filología Neotestamentaria. 17: 3–26. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010.
- Bernard, Weiss (1897). Der Codex D in der Apostelgeschichte, Texte und Untersuchungen (in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.
- Boismard, Marie-Émile; Lamouille, A. (1984). Le texte occidental des Actes des Apôtres. Reconstitution et réhabilitation (in French). Paris: Ecole Biblique de Jerusalem.
- Chase, Frederic Henry (1893). The Old Syriac Element in the Text of Codex Bezae. New York: Macmillan.
- Harris, James Rendel (1891). Codex Bezae: A Study of the so-called Western Text of the New Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Harris, James Rendel (1894). Four lectures on the Western Text of the New Testament. London: Cambridge University Press.
- d’Hyères, Sylvie Chabert (2009). L'Évangile de Luc et les Actes des Apôtres selon le Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-08115-4.
- Kenyon, Frederic George (1901). "Codex Bezae". Journal of Theological Studies. 1. New York: Macmillian and Co.: 293–299.
- Klijn, A. F. J. (1969). A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts (1949–1959). Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–53.
- Parker, David Charles (1992). Codex Bezae: An Early Christian Manuscript and its Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07236-6.
- Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1864). Bezae Codex Cantabrigiensis: Being an exact Copy, in ordinary Type, of the celebrated Uncial Graeco-Latin Manuscript of the Four Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. London: Bell and Daldy.
- Strange, W. A. (1992). The Problem of the Text of Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521413848.
- Yoder, James D. (1959). "The Language of the Greek Variants of Codex Bezae". Novum Testamentum. 3 (4): 241–48. doi:10.2307/1559941. JSTOR 1559941.
- Yoder, James D. (1961). Concordance to the distinctive Greek text of Codex Bezae. Grand Rapids; Michigan: Eerdmans.
External links
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- High resolution digital facsimile of the Codex Bezae with full transcription, from Cambridge University Library
- R. Waltz, Codex Bezae at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism (2007)
- Bible Researcher website discusses the Codex Bezae
- The Gospels and Acts according to codex Bezae; greek and latin text, translation and comments
- History of Research on Codex Bezae
- Codex Bezae and the Da Vinci Code The alleged parchment 1 has been copied from Codex Bezae
- Real secrets and hoaxes, of Da Vinci Code, Rennes-le-Château and Codex Bezae, analyzed on the "Mercure de Gaillon"
- Codex Bezae and Codex Claromontanus (in French)
- Catholic Encyclopedia 1910: Codex Bezae
- More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts