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Collectin

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Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune system. They form a family of collagenous Ca2+-dependent defense lectins, which are found in animals. Collectins are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Their function is to bind to oligosaccharide structure or lipids that are on the surface of microorganisms. Like other PRRs they bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of oligosaccharide origin. Binding of collectins to microorganisms may trigger elimination of microorganisms by aggregation, complement activation, opsonization, activation of phagocytosis, or inhibition of microbial growth. Other functions of collectins are modulation of inflammatory, allergic responses, adaptive immune system and clearance of apoptotic cells.

Structure

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Functionally collectins are trimers. Monomeric subunit consists of four parts:

Recognition of specific parts of microorganism is mediated by CRD in presence of calcium.[1][2] Affinity of interaction between microbes and collectins depends on the degree of collectin oligomerization and also on the density of ligands on the surface of the microbe.[3]

Types of collectins

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Nine types of collectins have been defined:

CL-43, CL-46 and conglutinin are found in bovine.

Function

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Aggregation

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Collectins can bind to the surface of microorganisms and between carbohydrate ligands. Due to these properties, the interaction can result in aggregation.[5][6]

Opsonization and activation of phagocytosis

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Collectins can act as opsonins. There is a specific interaction between collectins and receptors on phagocytic cells which can lead to increased clearance of microorganisms.[7][8][9] MBL can bind to microorganisms and this interaction can lead to opsonization through complement activation,[10] or it can opsonize the microorganism directly.[11] SP-A and SP-D can also interact with microorganisms and phagocytic cells to enhance phagocytosis of the microorganism.[12]

Inhibition of microbial growth

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Collectins have effect on microorganism survival. SP-A and SP-D can bind to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. SP-A and SP-D can increase permeability of Gram-negative bacterial cell membrane.[13]

Modulation of inflammatory responses

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SP-A and SP-D can damp induction of inflammation by LPS or endotoxin. It can be caused by removing the LPS or by binding the LPS to CD14 receptor on macrophages that can block the inflammatory response.[14][15][16] SP-A can also bind to TLR2 (toll-like receptor 2). This interaction causes decrease of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) production by alveolar macrophages stimulated with peptidoglycan.[17] SP-A and SP-D can modulate cytokine production. They modulate the production of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species which are very important for phagocytic cells.[18][19][20] SP-A and SP-D has s function as chemoattractants for alveolar neutrophils and monocytes.[21] MBL can recognize peptidoglycan via N-acetylglucosamine. This interaction leads to inhibition of ligand-induced inflammatory by macrophage chemokine production.[22]

Modulation of the adaptive immune system

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SP-A and SP-D can suppress activated T-lymphocytes and IL-2 (interleukin-2) production.[23][24] SP-D increases bacterial antigen presentation by dendritic cells [25] whereas SP-A blocs differentation of the immature dendritic cells.[26]

Modulation of allergic response

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Collectins SP-A and SP-D have anti-allergic effects: they inhibit IgE binding to allergens, decrease histamine release from basophils, and inhibit T-lymphocyte production in the late phase of the inflammation.[27][28][29]

Apoptosis

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Collectins SP-A and SP-D enhance clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages.[30][31]

Complement activation

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Collectins are linked with activation of lectin pathway of complement activation. At the beginning, there is a binding of collectin to PAMPs or DAMPs. Collectin MBL is involved in activation of the lectin complement pathway.[32][33] There are three serine proteases, MASP-1, 2 and 3 (MBL-associated serine proteases), which participate in activation of the lectin pathway. MASP-2 has a cleavage activity and it is essential for forming lectin C3 and C5 convertases and for activation of the complement.[34][35][36]

Reviews

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For more information and details see reviews:[37][38][39]

References

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  1. ^ Weis, W I; G V Crichlow; H M Murthy; W A Hendrickson; K Drickamer (1991-11-05). "Physical characterization and crystallization of the carbohydrate-recognition domain of a mannose-binding protein from rat". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (31): 20678–20686. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54762-1. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 1939118.
  2. ^ Weis, W I; K Drickamer; W A Hendrickson (1992-11-12). "Structure of a C-type mannose-binding protein complexed with an oligosaccharide". Nature. 360 (6400): 127–134. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..127W. doi:10.1038/360127a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1436090. S2CID 4353217.
  3. ^ Lee, R T; Y Ichikawa; M Fay; K Drickamer; M C Shao; Y C Lee (1991-03-15). "Ligand-binding characteristics of rat serum-type mannose-binding protein (MBP-A). Homology of binding site architecture with mammalian and chicken hepatic lectins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (8): 4810–4815. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67721-5. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 2002028.
  4. ^ conglutinin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  5. ^ Ferguson, J S; D R Voelker; F X McCormack; L S Schlesinger (1999-07-01). "Surfactant protein D binds to Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and lipoarabinomannan via carbohydrate-lectin interactions resulting in reducedphagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages". Journal of Immunology. 163 (1): 312–321. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.312. ISSN 0022-1767. S2CID 86321161.
  6. ^ Schelenz, S; R Malhotra; R B Sim; U Holmskov; G J Bancroft (September 1995). "Binding of host collectins to the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: human surfactant protein D acts as an agglutinin for acapsular yeast cells". Infection and Immunity. 63 (9): 3360–3366. doi:10.1128/IAI.63.9.3360-3366.1995. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 173462. PMID 7642263.
  7. ^ McNeely, T B; J D Coonrod (July 1994). "Aggregation and opsonization of type A but not type B Hemophilus influenzae by surfactant protein A". American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 11 (1): 114–122. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.11.1.8018334. ISSN 1044-1549. PMID 8018334.
  8. ^ O'Riordan, D M; J E Standing; K Y Kwon; D Chang; E C Crouch; A H Limper (June 1995). "Surfactant protein D interacts with Pneumocystis carinii and mediates organism adherence to alveolar macrophages". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 95 (6): 2699–2710. doi:10.1172/JCI117972. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 295953. PMID 7769109.
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  13. ^ Wu, Huixing; Alexander Kuzmenko; Sijue Wan; Lyndsay Schaffer; Alison Weiss; James H Fisher; Kwang Sik Kim; Francis X McCormack (May 2003). "Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (10): 1589–1602. doi:10.1172/JCI16889. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 155045. PMID 12750409.
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  17. ^ Murakami, Seiji; Daisuke Iwaki; Hiroaki Mitsuzawa; Hitomi Sano; Hiroki Takahashi; Dennis R Voelker; Toyoaki Akino; Yoshio Kuroki (2002-03-01). "Surfactant protein A inhibits peptidoglycan-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in U937 cells and alveolar macrophages by direct interaction with toll-like receptor 2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 6830–6837. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106671200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11724772.
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  32. ^ Schwaeble, Wilhelm; Mads R Dahl; Steffen Thiel; Cordula Stover; Jens C Jensenius (September 2002). "The mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and MAp19: four components of the lectin pathway activation complex encoded by two genes". Immunobiology. 205 (4–5): 455–466. doi:10.1078/0171-2985-00146. ISSN 0171-2985. PMID 12396007.
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  34. ^ Schwaeble, Wilhelm; Mads R Dahl; Steffen Thiel; Cordula Stover; Jens C Jensenius (September 2002). "The mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and MAp19: four components of the lectin pathway activation complex encoded by two genes". Immunobiology. 205 (4–5): 455–466. doi:10.1078/0171-2985-00146. ISSN 0171-2985. PMID 12396007.
  35. ^ Thiel, S; T Vorup-Jensen; C M Stover; W Schwaeble; S B Laursen; K Poulsen; A C Willis; P Eggleton; S Hansen; U Holmskov; K B Reid; J C Jensenius (1997-04-03). "A second serine protease associated with mannan-binding lectin that activates complement". Nature. 386 (6624): 506–510. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..506T. doi:10.1038/386506a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 9087411. S2CID 4261967.
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  37. ^ van de Wetering, J Koenraad; Lambert M G van Golde; Joseph J Batenburg (April 2004). "Collectins: players of the innate immune system". European Journal of Biochemistry. 271 (7): 1229–1249. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04040.x. ISSN 0014-2956. PMID 15030473.
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  39. ^ Nayak, Annapurna; Eswari Dodagatta-Marri; Anthony George Tsolaki; Uday Kishore (2012). "An Insight into the Diverse Roles of Surfactant Proteins, SP-A and SP-D in Innate and Adaptive Immunity". Frontiers in Immunology. 3: 131. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00131. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 3369187. PMID 22701116.
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