José Domingo Monterrosa Barrios (4 August 1940 – 23 October 1984) was a military commander of the Armed Forces of El Salvador during the Salvadoran Civil War. He was responsible for ordering the El Mozote massacre.
Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | José Domingo Monterrosa Barrios |
| Born | 4 August 1940 Berlín, El Salvador |
| Died | 23 October 1984 (aged 44) El Salvador |
| Allegiance |  El Salvador |
| Branch/service | Salvadoran Army |
| Years of service | 1963–1984 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Commands | Atlácatl Battalion |
| Known for | El Mozote massacre |
| Battles / wars | Football War Salvadoran Civil War † |
| Alma mater | Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School School of the Americas |
Early life
editJosé Domingo Monterrosa Barrios was born on 4 August 1940 in Berlín, Usulután, El Salvador.[1] Monterrosa graduated from the Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military School in 1963 and attended the School of the Americas in 1966.[1]
Military career
editIn 1969, Monterrosa participated in the Football War against Honduras.[1]
In 1980, he was assigned to become the leader of the Atlácatl Battalion, composed of who considered to be El Salvador's elite soldiers.[1] The Atlácatl Battalion was held responsible for committing the El Mozote massacre in 1981. Monterrosa was allegedly seen arriving by helicopter by a local guide prior to the start of the massacre, as told by reporter Mark Danner; however, Danner also reported that Monterrosa had been contacted by a U.S. military advisor to share the outcome of the battle that had taken place in El Mozote. At that point, Monterrosa was in the Atlácatl's headquarters. According to Danner's story, after the conversation with the U.S. advisor, Monterrosa boarded a helicopter and headed to Morazán.[2] The Washington Post reported in 2007 that Monterrosa had ordered the massacre.[3] El Mozote was a tiny village located North of Morazán.
Monterrosa was known to be obsessed with destroying the pro-rebel Radio Venceremos, which "specialized in ideological propaganda, acerbic commentary, and pointed ridicule of the government".[4] Monterrosa was a supporter of President José Napoleón Duarte's efforts to hold peace talks in 1984, and his death seriously weakened them.[5]
Death
editThere are several versions of how Monterrosa was killed. One is that a malfunctioning helicopter crashed and killed its occupants including Monterrosa. Another version states that a Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) booby trap was set under a fake rebel radio transmitter that Monterrosa took with him as a victory trophy, in 1984. The bomb went off while he was in flight.[6] Remnants of his helicopter can be found in the Museum of the Revolution in Perquín, Morazán department.
Legacy
editThe museum of El Salvador's Armed Forces has designated a special section for Monterrosa. After his death in October 1984, the Salvadoran congress honored Monterrosa with the title of "Heroe de Joateca" and declared him a national hero for his service to the country.
In 2019, the new Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele ordered the removal of Monterrosa's name from one of the main military units of the Salvadoran Army.[7] Years earlier, another Salvadoran president, Mauricio Funes, asked for forgiveness from the state and the people of El Salvador for the crimes committed by state actors during the civil war, and directed the Army to review their behavior in those years. [8]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Lamperti, John W. "The Trojan Horse". Hanover, New Hampshire: Dartmouth College. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ Mark Danner. 1993. The Massacre at El Mozote. New York: Vintage.
- ^ Manuel Roig-Franzia (29 January 2007). "Former Salvadoran Foes Share Doubts on War". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ Mark Danner (6 December 1993). "The Truth of El Mozote". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ William M. LeoGrande (1998). Our Own Backyard: The United States In Central America, 1977–1992. University of North Carolina Press. p. 263. ISBN 9780807898802. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ José Angel Moroni Bracamonte and David E. Spencer (1995). Strategy and Tactics of the Salvadoran Fmln Guerrillas: Last Battle of the Cold War, Blueprint for Future Conflicts. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 140. ISBN 9780275950187. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "A killer, reviled: El Salvador stops honouring the leader of the El Mozote massacre". The Economist. 8 June 2019. p. 33-34 (2 columns). Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- ^ BBC Mundo (3 June 2019). "Nayib Bukele asume en El Salvador: quién era Domingo Monterrosa, el militar vinculado a la masacre de El Mozote y protagonista de la primera orden del presidente salvadoreño". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.