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Wilshire Boulevard Temple

(Redirected from Congregation B'nai B'rith)

The Wilshire Boulevard Temple, known from 1862 to 1933 as Congregation B'nai B'rith, is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 3663 Wilshire Boulevard, in the Wilshire Center district of Los Angeles, California, in the United States. Founded in 1862, it is the oldest Jewish congregation in Los Angeles.[4][5]

Wilshire Boulevard Temple
The synagogue building, in 2017
Religion
AffiliationReform Judaism
Ecclesiastical or organisational statusSynagogue
Leadership
  • Rabbi Steve Leder
  • Rabbi Elissa Ben-Naim
  • Rabbi David Eshel
  • Rabbi Susan Nanus
  • Rabbi Joel Nickerson
  • Rabbi Joel Simonds
  • Rabbi Hannah Elkin
  • Rabbi Karen Fox (Emerita)
StatusActive
Notable artworksHugo Ballin murals
Location
Location3663 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California
CountryUnited States
Wilshire Boulevard Temple is located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Wilshire Boulevard Temple
Location in Los Angeles, California
Geographic coordinates34°3′44″N 118°18′17″W / 34.06222°N 118.30472°W / 34.06222; -118.30472
Architecture
Architect(s)
TypeSynagogue architecture
Style
FounderJoseph Newmark
General contractorHerbert M. Baruch Corporation
Date established1862 (as a congregation)
Completed
Construction cost$1.5 million
Specifications
Capacity
  • 1,300 worshipers (sanctuary)
  • 400 worshipers (balcony)
Dome(s)One
Dome height (outer)135 feet (41 m)
Dome dia. (outer)100 feet (30 m)
Website
wbtla.org
Congregation B'nai B'rith
NRHP reference No.81000154
LAHCM No.116
Significant dates
Added to NRHP21 December 1981
Designated LAHCMMarch 21, 1973
[1][2][3]

The congregation's main building, with a sanctuary topped by a large Byzantine Revival dome and decorated with interior murals, was designated as a City of Los Angeles Historic Cultural Monument in 1973 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.[1][4][6][7][8] The Moorish-style building was completed in 1929 and was designed by architect Abram M. Edelman.[a]

The Wilshire Boulevard Temple is one of the largest Jewish congregations in Los Angeles, and has been led by several influential rabbis. Edgar Magnin has been described as the "John Wayne" of rabbis,[9] and served for 69 years, from 1915 to 1984.

In 1998 the congregation opened a second campus on the Westside, following relocations among its people. Despite repeated reports that the congregation might sell its older, landmark building in what had become known as the Koreatown neighborhood, the temple began extensive renovations of the historic facility in 2008;[10] and the remodelled sanctuary reopened in 2013.

The Audrey Irmas Pavilion, a major 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m2) expansion adjacent to the synagogue, was completed between 2018 and 2021, designed by Shohei Shigematsu from the Office of Metropolitan Architecture, a leading global architectural firm.[11]

History

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Early years

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Wilshire Boulevard Temple traces its origins to the first Jewish worship service in Los Angeles, held in 1851. In 1862, a small community of Los Angeles Jews received its charter from the state to found Congregation B'nai B'rith. Worship was led by founder and layman, Joseph Newmark, until Abraham Wolf Edelman was hired in 1862 as the first rabbi.[12] Long overshadowed by the more prosperous San Francisco Jewish community, L.A.'s Jews commissioned the congregation's first building, an impressive brick Gothic Revival style synagogue built in 1873 at the corner of Temple and Broadway in downtown Los Angeles.[13] It was described by the Los Angeles Star as “the most superior church edifice in Southern California.”[4]

 
Second B'nai B'rith Synagogue, built in 1896

By 1885 much of the congregation was pushing to move away from Orthodox practice, and Rabbi Edelman eventually resigned. Ephraim Schreiber was hired as rabbi in 1885 and adopted some reforms, but soon left. Abraham Blum was hired in 1889, but was forced out in 1895 and replaced by Moses G. Solomon.[12]

In 1896, the B'nai B'rith congregation moved to a larger brick Victorian synagogue at 9th and Hope. It was also designed by Abram M. Edelman, and had tall flanking towers capped with large onion domes.

Sigmund Hecht became rabbi in 1899. In 1903 the congregation joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the national organization of the Reform movement. Edgar Magnin was hired as an assistant rabbi in 1915, and took over as senior rabbi upon Hecht's retirement in 1919. Both Hecht and Magnin implemented the Reform practices of the time, including wider use of the English language in services, and introducing organ and choir music.[12]

Rabbi Magnin and the move to Wilshire Boulevard

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The current Wilshire Boulevard Temple opened in 1929, built among other significant places of worship in the Wilshire Center area. The new temple was the dream of Rabbi Edgar Magnin who, over a career of seven decades, forged a Jewish identity for Los Angeles that joined pioneers and Hollywood moguls. Known as the "Rabbi to the stars",[9] Magnin championed a new synagogue building from when he first served as an assistant rabbi.

After World War I, Hollywood moviemakers became more involved in the congregation and Magnin was promoted to senior rabbi in 1919; the building project proceeded. While most of the Jewish Hollywood producers were relatively secular New Yorkers with marginal religious interest, they were attracted to Magnin's vision of a popular modern Judaism. Rabbi Magnin also saw that the city was developing to the west, especially its Jewish population. The Wilshire Boulevard Temple was both typical and prescient in anticipating the increased suburbanization of American Jewish life. Because the new synagogue was beyond the "car line," it presaged L.A.'s near-total dependence on the automobile. Such an urban-suburban transformation did not affect many Jewish communities until after World War II.[13]

The artistic highlights of the new temple include the Biblically themed Warner Memorial Murals, painted by Hugo Ballin and commissioned by the Warner Brothers (who founded the movie studio of the same name), Jack, Harry, and Albert.[4][6][14][15] Ballin's murals consist of 320-foot-long (98 m), 7-foot-tall (2.1 m) murals depicting key moments in Jewish history.[4][6] The murals are atypical of Judaism's traditional avoidance of figurative synagogue art.[16] In deciding to include murals in the new temple, Magnin was inspired by his recent visits to great European cathedrals; the particular role of Los Angeles as the capital of the movie industry; and archaeological discoveries of the time that suggested that ancient synagogues used figurative art.[b]

Modelled after Rome's Pantheon, the immense Byzantine Revival dome is 100 feet (30 m) in diameter; its top is 135 feet (41 m) above the street.[9] Its base is flanked by 28 buttresses, or small towers, rising from the ring girder for support. Funding for the dome's interior decoration was donated by Irving Thalberg, production head of MGM studio. The prayer inscribed in Hebrew around the Oculus, at the apex of the interior coffered dome, is from the shm'a prayer, a centerpiece of all Jewish prayer services. The words read: Shm'a Yisroael, Adonoi Eloheinu, Adonaoi Echad; which translates to "Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One."

Designed in the Gothic tradition by the Oliver Smith Studios of Pennsylvania, the Temple's distinctive rose window on the south wall of the sanctuary, and stained glass windows on the east and west walls, have been described as being among the finest examples of this art form in the United States. During the recent renovation, the rose window was removed and repaired at the Judson Studios in Los Angeles. The Rose Window depicts a Torah Scroll and a Star of David in the center, and symbols of the Twelve Tribes of Israel in the outer circle. The triple lancet windows on the east and west walls are each made up of some 5,000-6,000 pieces of glass and are the symbolic representation of the 12 tribes of Israel. Funding for the east and west lancet windows was donated by film producer and studio head Louis B. Mayer.

 
View of the temple and dome from the east

The Temple's immense dome immediately became a landmark in Wilshire Center and throughout Los Angeles. Its imposing marble columns were also a form of Hollywood magic: they are hollow columns of plaster painted to mimic marble. Unlike many synagogues, the temple has no center aisle, in part because the temple builders wanted it to have the openness of a movie theater.[9]

The construction of the temple was completed by the Herbert M. Baruch Corporation and cost $1.5 million in 1929 dollars. It was dedicated in a three-day celebration in June 1929 presided over by Rabbi Magnin.

The congregation adopted its present name, Wilshire Boulevard Temple, in 1933. Magnin led the temple until his death in 1984,[12] during which time he was widely considered as a spokesman on community and religious matters.[18]

The block of Wilshire Boulevard where the temple sits was named Edgar F. Magnin Square in 1980 by the City of Los Angeles. In 1984, the Temple building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and historic significance.[3]

Rabbi Fields and the Westside campus

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One year after Rabbi Magnin's death, Harvey Fields became senior rabbi and led the congregation for 18 years. He reinstituted some traditional ritual practices that had not been used under Magnin. But he also increased the use of music, and the temple hired its first trained cantor.

Fields was founding chair of the Interfaith Coalition to Heal L.A. and "Hands Across L.A.", interfaith responses to the 1992 Los Angeles riots.[19]

In response to membership growth on the Westside of Los Angeles, the temple built a second campus at Olympic Boulevard and Barrington Avenue in West Los Angeles. It opened in 1998 as the Audrey and Sydney Irmas Campus, with a new Jewish day school and other educational and community facilities.[20] Despite repeated reports that the temple would leave its historic building, Rabbi Fields restated the congregation's commitment to the location.[21][22]

Over the years the temple has hosted many notable speakers, dignitaries and singers, including the Dalai Lama, who received the Bodhi Award and addressed the American Buddhist Congress at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple in 1999.[23]

Rabbi Leder and the main building

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In July 2000, the J. Paul Getty Trust awarded a "Preserve L.A." grant to the temple as part of its effort to preserve the city's cultural heritage.[24]

Rabbi Fields retired in 2003 and was succeeded by Steven Leder, who has served the temple's congregation since 1987.[25] In 2004, the congregation celebrated the 75th anniversary of the historic structure on Wilshire Boulevard. As the area surrounding its historic building has changed dramatically (becoming part of the rapidly expanding Koreatown district), the temple faced the decision whether to sell the property and refocus its operations on the Westside, where most of Los Angeles' Jewish population had moved.

Instead, because of a desire to maintain its landmark facilities and commit to its surrounding community, and also noting a trend for younger Jews to move into neighborhoods further east (such as Los Feliz and Silver Lake), the congregation decided to begin a major restoration of the sanctuary and redevelopment of the surrounding city block.[26] The renovations began in 2008 under the leadership of Senior Rabbi, Steven Z. Leder.[27] The temple began working with architect Brenda Levin in 2005, developing an expansive master plan for what was envisioned as a campus, including a renovated synagogue, a new pre-school and elementary school, the Karsh Social Service Center, and athletic and community facilities.[28] The renovation is documented in great detail in the film Restoring Tomorrow, directed by Aaron Wolf, a member of the temple and grandson to the late Alfred Wolf.[29]

After the end of the 2011 High Holy Days, the auditorium was closed for a renovation project that lasted two years.[30][31]

In 2013, philanthropist Erika Glazer pledged $30 million through 2028 for ongoing restoration and redevelopment of the synagogue.[32] The Wilshire Center facility is now called the Erika J. Glazer Family Campus. The sanctuary reopened in September 2013 for Rosh Hashanah services. The temple has stated its intentions to provide community services for the non-Jewish, mainly Korean and Hispanic residents of the area, as well for the Jewish community.[26][33] The community outreach has been recognized by local leaders, who hope it will become a model for other organizations as well.

In 2013, Judson Studios restored the sanctuary's neo-Gothic windows, the sculptor Lita Albuquerque designed a memorial wall and the artist Jenny Holzer crafted a series of benches.[34]

In 2009 the temple and its rabbi, Steven Leder, became participants in the Rabbinic Vision Initiative (RVI). This group of rabbis from large Reform congregations became vocal critics of the Reform movement's central organization, the Union for Reform Judaism (URJ). In 2011, Wilshire Boulevard Temple resigned from the URJ in what was perceived as a protest of the organization's perceived ineffectiveness.[35]

Audrey Irmas Pavilion

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Audrey Irmas Pavilion
 
The Audrey Irmas Pavilion located adjacent to the synagogue in 2022
 
General information
Architectural styleDeconstructivism (attrib.)[c]
Address3643 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90010
Coordinates34°03′42″N 118°18′16″W / 34.0618008°N 118.3045415°W / 34.0618008; -118.3045415
Completed2022
Cost$95 million
Technical details
Floor countThree
Floor area55,000 square feet (5,100 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Shohei Shigematsu
Architecture firmOffice for Metropolitan Architecture
Website
audreyirmaspavilion.org

In 2015, more than a dozen architectural firms were considered for the Audrey Irmas Pavilion by a 15-person committee made up of congregation members, including philanthropists Glazer, Bruce Karatz, Eli Broad, and Anthony Pritzker.[37] The committee whittled down 25 firms to four, whom Broad paid $100,000 each.[34]

After four firms submitted detailed proposals, a design by Shohei Shigematsu, of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture's New York office, was selected for the $75 million structure.[11] OMA New York proposed a trapezoidal five-story building including a rooftop garden, office spaces and a large, vaulted ground-level banquet hall to replace a parking lot next to the main building on Wilshire Boulevard.[38]

The temple received a $30 million pledge from Audrey Irmas, after the $70.5 million sale of her Cy Twombly painting.[34] Wallis Annenberg contributed $15 million to complete the pavilion and another $3 million on a third-floor, 7,000-square-foot cultural space (650 m2) for older adults, called GenSpace.[39]

The pavilion, which cost $95 million, was completed in 2022.[34] Its façade features 1,230 hexagonal glass fiber reinforced concrete panels;[34] each panel was set at a unique angle, and each contains a window that was set at a unique angle.[40] The pavilion's ground floor featured a 14,000-square-foot event space (1,300 m2),[40] with a floor of polished red concrete.[41] The second level contains a trapezoidal chapel and outdoor terrace.[41] On the third floor, Mia Lehrer designed a circular sunken garden surrounded by walls painted an azure blue.[40]

The building was "designed to host religious and cultural activities and performances...[with] three distinct gathering spaces that puncture through the building — a Grand Ballroom, a smaller Chapel/event space, and a sunken garden."[42]

Rabbinical leaders

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The following individuals have served as senior rabbi of Congregation B'nai B'rith:

Ordinal Officeholder Term start Term end Time in office Notes
1 Abram Wolf Edelman 1862 1885 22–23 years
2 Ephraim Schreiber 1885 1889 3–4 years
3 Abraham Blum 1889 1895 5–6 years
4 Moses G. Solomon 1895 1899 3–4 years
5 Sigmund Hecht 1899 1919 19–20 years
6 Edgar F. Magnin 1919 1984 64–65 years
7 Alfred Wolf 1984 1985 0–1 years
8 Harvey J. Fields 1985 2003 17–18 years
9 Steve Leder 2003 incumbent 20–21 years

Notable members

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Abram M. Edelman is a son of the congregation's first rabbi, Abram Wolf Edelman.
  2. ^ Examples of such discoveries were Beth Alpha and Dura-Europos synagogue.[17]
  3. ^ Whilst not specifically recorded as such, the Office for Metropolitan Architecture is principally known for its deconstructivism projects under the direction of its founder, Rem Koolhaas.[36]

References

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  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ "Historic - Cultural Monuments (HCM) Listing: City Declared Monuments" (PDF). City of Los Angeles. September 7, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Inventory — Wilshire Boulevard Temple Nomination Form" (history and detailed descriptions of building's elements). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 1981.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Our History". Wilshire Boulevard Temple.[self-published source?]
  5. ^ "Wilshire Boulevard Temple". Larchmont Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 3, 2008.
  6. ^ a b c "No. 116: Wilshire Boulevard Temple". Big Orange Landmarks. February 22, 2008.
  7. ^ "Wilshire Boulevard Temple". Levin & Associates Architects.
  8. ^ Sheldon, Betsy (1999). The Jewish Travel Guide. Hunter Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-1556508790 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ a b c d "Best Seat In The House Of Worship: The Temple Hollywood Built". NPR.org. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  10. ^ "Our Clergy". Wilshire Boulevard Temple. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013.[self-published source?]
  11. ^ a b ZEIGER, MIMI (November 20, 2018). "Rem Koolhaas' upcoming Wilshire Boulevard Temple expansion will balance openness with security". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d Olitzky, Kerry M.; Raphael, Marc Lee (1996). The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Greenwood Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN 978-0-313-28856-2 – via Google Books (excerpts).
  13. ^ a b Gruber, Samuel. American Synagogues. New York: Rizzoli.
  14. ^ "Warner Memorial Murals". grconnect.com.
  15. ^ "Wilshire Boulevard Temple - structure record". ArchitectDB.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ Laden, Tanja M. (March 7, 2012). "Wilshire Boulevard Temple's Revolutionary Murals Get a Facelift". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Retrieved May 9, 2017 – via L.A. Weekly.
  17. ^ "Mural History". Journey Through the Wilshire Boulevard Temple Murals. Wilshire Boulevard Temple. 2013.[self-published source?]
  18. ^ Libman, Gary (December 17, 1987). "Synagogue Looks Back on 125 Years". Los Angeles Times.
  19. ^ Woo, Elaine (January 24, 2014). "Harvey J. Fields dies at 78; rabbi led Wilshire Boulevard Temple". Los Angeles Times.
  20. ^ Stammer, Larry (December 5, 1998). "Wilshire Temple to Celebrate Opening of Westside Campus". Los Angeles Times.
  21. ^ "Westside: Wilshire Boulevard Temple to Relocate". Los Angeles Times (corrected December 20, 1995 ed.). December 19, 1995.
  22. ^ Fields, Harvey J. (June 13, 1996). "Letter to the editor: Temple Not Moving". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ^ Dalai Lama XIV (October 12, 1999). An Address by His Holiness the XIV Dalai Lama on the occasion of the presentation of the Bodhi Award by the American Buddhist Congress (Speech). Bodhi Award. Wilshire Boulevard Temple: American Buddhist Congress. Archived from the original on August 14, 2003.
  24. ^ "Getty Announces $1.4 Million in Grants for Architectural Preservation of Historic Buildings and Sites in Los Angeles County: 21 Preserve L.A. Grantees Exemplify Diversity of Los Angeles' Cultural Heritage" (Press release). J. Paul Getty Trust. July 20, 2000. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007.
  25. ^ "Los Angeles; Retiring Rabbi Issues Warning; While praising the state of interfaith relations, Harvey Fields of Wilshire Boulevard Temple sees challenges to Jewish identity". Los Angeles Times. June 2, 2003.
  26. ^ a b Nagourney, Adam (August 18, 2013). "Second Act for the Temple of the Stars". The New York Times.
  27. ^ Gottlieb, Jeff (September 7, 2008). "Rebuilding a past glory: Wilshire Boulevard Temple project symbolizes the return of eastern L.A.'s Jewish population". Los Angeles Times.
  28. ^ "In L.A.'s Koreatown, Wilshire Boulevard Temple bets big on the past for its future". Jewish Telegraph Agency. April 15, 2015.
  29. ^ Groves, Martha (November 29, 2015). "Documentary-maker rediscovers Judaism, family, self". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  30. ^ Groves, Martha (October 7, 2011). "Wilshire Blvd. Temple auditorium to close for restoration". Los Angeles Times.
  31. ^ Eshman, Rob (July 31, 2013). "To live and pray on Wilshire Boulevard". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles.
  32. ^ Groves, Martha (February 10, 2013). "Paying it forward at a grand sanctuary on Wilshire Boulevard". Los Angeles Times.
  33. ^ Groves, Martha (September 6, 2013). "Wilshire temple celebrates a revival". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013.
  34. ^ a b c d e Popescu, Adam (January 2, 2022). "Boldface Names Give Los Angeles a New Cultural Center". New York Times.
  35. ^ Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (June 15, 2012). "Nod to Change as Jacobs Takes URJ Reins". The Jewish Daily Forward.
  36. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. pp. 411. ISBN 978-0-415-25225-6.
  37. ^ Finkel, Jori (April 23, 2015). "Los Angeles Temple Chooses Koolhaas for a Grand Expansion". New York Times.
  38. ^ Aridi, Sara (March 30, 2018). "Rem Koolhaas Firm Reveals Design for Los Angeles Temple Expansion". New York Times.
  39. ^ Wainwright, Oliver (April 12, 2022). "Sacred space or corporate lobby? OMA's temple pavilion rises in Los Angeles". The Guardian. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  40. ^ a b c Miranda, Carolina A. (January 12, 2022). "Review: Wilshire Boulevard Temple's new event space is daring — and trapped inside its own head". Los Angeles Times.
  41. ^ a b Rus, Mayer (September 9, 2021). "OMA Expands the Wilshire Boulevard Temple in Los Angeles with a Striking New Pavilion". Architectural Digest.
  42. ^ "Architecture". Audrey Irmas Pavilion. 2024. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  43. ^ "Maurice Kremer: Very Early Pioneer Jewish Merchant and Civil Servant of Los Angeles". Jewish Museum of the American West. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
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