Wikipedia

African Continental Free Trade Area

(Redirected from Continental Free Trade Area)
Not to be confused with African Free Trade Zone.

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)[11] is a free trade area encompassing most of Africa.[12][13][14] It was established in 2018 by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, which has 43 parties and another 11 signatories, making it the largest free-trade area by number of member states, after the World Trade Organization,[15] and the largest in population and geographic size, spanning 1.3 billion people across the world's second largest continent.

African Continental Free Trade Area
African Continental Free Trade Area logo
Status as of August, 2024
  Ratifying parties
  Signed March 2018, not ratified
  Signed July 2018 or later, not ratified
TypeFree-trade area
SignedMarch 21, 2018
LocationKigali, Rwanda
EffectiveMay 30, 2019; 5 years ago (May 30, 2019)[1]
ConditionRatification by 22 states
Original
signatories
44 states
Signatories
10 additional states[2]
Parties
48 states[10]
DepositaryAfrican Union Commission
LanguagesArabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili

The agreement founding AfCFTA was brokered by the African Union (AU) and signed by 44 of its 55 member states in Kigali, Rwanda on March 21, 2018.[16][17] The proposal was set to come into force 30 days after ratification by 22 of the signatory states.[16] On April 29, 2019,[18] the Saharawi Republic made the 22nd deposit of instruments of ratification, bringing the agreement into force on May 30; it entered its operational phase following a summit on July 7, 2019,[19] and officially commenced January 1, 2021. AfCFTA's negotiations and implementation are overseen by a permanent secretariat based in Accra, Ghana.[20][21]

Under the agreement, AfCFTA members are committed to eliminating tariffs on most goods and services over a period of 5, 10, or 13 years, depending on the country's level of development or the nature of the products.[20] General long-term objectives include creating a single, liberalised market; reducing barriers to capital and labor to facilitate investment; developing regional infrastructure; and establishing a continental customs union.[22] The overall aims of AfCFTA are to increase socioeconomic development, reduce poverty, and make Africa more competitive in the global economy.

On January 13, 2022, the AfCFTA took a major step towards its objective with the establishment of the Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), which allows payments among companies operating in Africa to be done in any local currency.[20]

In April 2024, the African Union announced that the AfCFTA entered into its operational phase of the agreement. The operational phase, which effectively puts the agreement into force, is characterized by the following actions:

  • Establishment of the rules of origin, which will govern the conditions a product or service can be traded duty free;
  • Tariff concessions, 90% tariff liberalisation;
  • Online mechanism, allows members to report non-tariff barriers;
  • Pan-African payment and settlement system, allows certainty of payments and will instill confidence in the system
  • African Trade Observatory, a portal to address hindrances to trade, will be provided by AU member states.[23]

History

edit

Background

edit

In 1963, the Organization of African Unity was founded by the independent states of Africa. The OAU aimed to promote cooperation between African states. The 1980 Lagos Plan of Action was adopted by the organization. The plan suggested Africa should minimize their reliance upon the West by promoting intra-African trade. This began as the creation of a number of regional cooperation organizations in the different regions of Africa, such as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference. Eventually this led to the Abuja Treaty in 1991, which created the African Economic Community, an organization that promoted the development of free trade areas, customs unions, an African Central Bank, and an African common currency union.[24][25]

In 2002, the OAU was succeeded by the African Union (AU), which had as one of its goals to accelerate the "economic integration of the continent".[26] A second goal was to "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union."[27]

Negotiations

edit

At the 2012 African Union summit in Addis Ababa, leaders agreed to create a new Continental Free Trade Area by 2017. At the 2015 AU summit in Johannesburg, the summit agreed to commence negotiations. This began a series of ten negotiating sessions which took place over the next three years.[24][28]

The first negotiation forum was held in February 2016 and held eight meetings until the Summit in March 2018 in Kigali. From February 2017 on the technical working groups held four meetings, where technical issues were discussed and implemented in the draft. On March 8–9, 2018 the African Union Ministers of Trade approved the draft.[29]

2018 Kigali Summit

edit

In March 2018, at the 10th Extraordinary Session of the African Union on AfCFTA, three separate agreements were signed: the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, the Kigali Declaration; and the Protocol on Free Movement of Persons. The Protocol on Free Movement of Persons seeks to establish a visa-free zone within the AfCFTA countries, and support the creation of the African Union Passport.[30] At the summit in Kigali on March 21, 2018, 44 countries signed the AfCFTA, 47 signed the Kigali Declaration, and 30 signed the Protocol on Free Movement of People. While a success, there were two notable holdouts: Nigeria and South Africa, the two largest economies in Africa.[31][32][33]

One complicating factor in the negotiations was that Africa had already been divided into eight separate free trade areas and/or customs unions, each with different regulations.[note 1] These regional bodies will continue to exist; the African Continental Free Trade Agreement initially seeks to reduce trade barriers between the different pillars of the African Economic Community, and eventually use these regional organizations as building blocks for the ultimate goal of an Africa-wide customs union.[24][33][34][35]

Declarations signed at the 2018 Kigali summit[36]
Country Signed By AfCFTA Consolidated Text (signature) Kigali Declaration Free Movement Protocol
  Algeria Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Yes Yes No
  Angola President João Lourenço Yes Yes Yes
  Central African Republic President Faustin Archange Touadéra Yes Yes Yes
  Chad President Idriss Déby Yes Yes Yes
  Comoros President Azali Assoumani Yes Yes Yes
  Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Yes Yes No
  Equatorial Guinea Prime Minister Francisco Pascual Obama Asue Yes Yes Yes
  Eswatini Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Yes Yes No
  Gabon President Ali Bongo Ondimba Yes Yes Yes
  Gambia President Adama Barrow Yes Yes Yes
  Ghana President Nana Akufo-Addo Yes Yes Yes
  Ivory Coast Vice President Daniel Kablan Duncan Yes No No
  Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta Yes Yes Yes
  Lesotho Prime Minister Tom Thabane No Yes Yes
  Mauritania President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Yes Yes Yes
  Morocco Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani Yes No No
  Mozambique President Filipe Nyusi Yes Yes Yes
  Niger President Mahamadou Issoufou Yes Yes Yes
  Republic of the Congo President Denis Sassou Nguesso Yes Yes Yes
  Rwanda President Paul Kagame Yes Yes Yes
  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic President Brahim Ghali Yes Yes No
  Senegal President Macky Sall Yes Yes Yes
  Seychelles Vice President Vincent Meriton Yes Yes No
  South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa No Yes No
  Sudan Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Yes Yes Yes
  Tanzania Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa No Yes No
  Uganda President Yoweri Museveni[37] Yes Yes Yes
  Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa Yes Yes No

Drafting of further protocols

edit

Negotiations continued in 2018 with Phase II, including policies of investment, competition and intellectual property rights.[38] In January 2020, AU Assembly negotiations are envisaged to be concluded.[39] A draft is expected for the January 2020 AU Assembly.[40][needs update]

Expectations

edit

In 2018, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa estimated that AfCFTA will boost intra-African trade by 52 percent by 2022.[41] A 2020 report by the World Bank anticipated that AfCFTA could lift 30 million Africans out of extreme poverty, boost the incomes of nearly 70 million people, and generate $450 billion in income by 2035.[42]

Institutions

edit

The following institutions were established to facilitate the implementation of the free trade area. As a result of Phase II negotiations more committees may be established via protocols.[43]

The AfCFTA Secretariat will be responsible for coordinating the implementation of the agreement and shall be an autonomous body within the AU system. Though it will have independent legal personality, it shall work closely with the AU Commission and receive its budget from the AU. The Council of Ministers responsible for trade will decide on the location of the headquarter, structure, role and responsibilities.[38] The Assembly of the African Union Heads of State and Government is the highest decision-making body. It is likely to meet during the AU Summits.[44] The Council of Ministers Responsible for Trade provides strategic trade policy oversight and ensures effective implementation and enforcement of the AfCFTA Agreement.[44]

Several committees have been established, for trade in goods, trade in services, on rules of origin, trade remedies, non-tariff barriers, technical barriers to trade and on sanitary and phytosanitary measures.[44] Dispute resolution mechanisms[45] and procedures are still being negotiated, but will presumably include designation of a dispute resolution body.[38] The Committee of Senior Trade Officials implements the Council's decisions. The Committee is responsible for the development of programs and action plans for the implementation of the AfCFTA Agreement.[44]

Implementation

edit

The AfCFTA is set to be implemented in phases, and some of the future phases still under negotiation.[35] Phase I covers trade in goods and trade in services. Phase II covers intellectual property rights, investment and competition policy. Phase III covers E-Commerce.

At the 2018 Kigali summit, areas of agreement were found on trade protocols, dispute settlement procedures, customs cooperation, trade facilitation, and rules of origin. There was also agreement to reduce tariffs on 90% of all goods. Each nation is permitted to exclude 3% of goods from this agreement.[28] This was part of Phase I of the agreement, which covers goods and services liberalization. Some Phase I issues that remain to be negotiated include the schedule of tariff concessions and other specific commitments.[28][35]

The 12th Extraordinary Session of the African Union on AfCFTA was called to launch the new agreement into its operational phase, which was hosted in Niamey on July 7, 2019.[46][47] At its launch, five operational instruments that will govern the AfCFTA were activated: "the rules of origin; the online negotiating forum; the monitoring and elimination of non-tariff barriers; a digital payment system; and the African Trade Observatory."[48]

Phase II and III negotiations are expected to be initiated by all AU member countries and held in successive rounds. In February 2020, the AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government decided that Phase III would begin immediately following the conclusion of Phase II negotiations, which were initially scheduled to conclude in December 2020.[28][35] However, this deadline was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, and a new date (December 31, 2021) was set as the deadline for the conclusion of Phase II and III negotiations. The AfCFTA officially but largely symbolically launched on January 1, 2021.[49]

Membership

edit

Among the 55 AU member states, 44 signed the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (consolidated text), 47 signed the Kigali Declaration and 30 signed the Protocol on Free Movement of People at the end of the 2018 Kigali Summit. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, and Zambia were among the 11 countries that did not initially sign the agreement.[50] After the 2018 Kigali summit, more signatures were added to the AfCFTA. At the 31st African Union Summit in Nouakchott on 1 July 2018, South Africa (the second largest economy of Africa), Sierra Leone, Namibia, Lesotho and Burundi joined the agreement.[51] In February 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia and Botswana also joined. Kenya and Ghana were the first nations to ratify the agreement, depositing their ratification on 10 May 2018.[3]

Of the signatories, 22 needed to deposit the instrument of ratification of the agreement for it to come into effect, and this occurred on April 29, 2019 when both Sierra Leone and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic deposited the agreement.[52] As a result, the agreement came into force 30 days later on May 30, 2019.

President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari was particularly reluctant to join the AfCFTA, fearing it would hurt Nigerian entrepreneurship and local industries,[53] and his decision not to was praised by some local groups including the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria[54] and the Nigeria Labour Congress.[55] The Nigerian government intended to consult further with local businesses in order to ensure private sector buy-in to the agreement,[56] because a key concern was whether the agreement adequately prevented anti-competitive practices such as dumping.[57] In July 2019, just months after being re-elected to a new term, Buhari agreed to adhere the Africa free trade at the 12th extraordinary session of the assembly of the union on AfCFTA.[58]

At the same meeting, Benin also committed to signing the agreement, leaving Eritrea as the only of the 55 African Union Member States not to sign up to the deal.[59][60][47] Formally, Eritrea was not part of the initial agreement due to an ongoing state of war, but the 2018 peace agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea ended the conflict and ended the barrier to Eritrean participation in the free trade agreement.[12][33][61][62][63][64][needs update]

As of August 2024, there are 54 signatories, of which 48 have deposited their instruments of ratification.[65][66][67] Additionally, one country (Somalia) completed its domestic ratification[when?], but had not yet deposited their ratification with the depository by May 2020.[67][68] Eritrea is the only AU member state which had not signed the agreement by 2019.[61]

List of signatories and parties to the agreement

edit
Ratification Status of African Nations[69]
Country Signed Date of Signing Ratified Date of Ratification Deposited Date of Deposit
  Algeria Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 7, 2021 Yes June 23, 2021[70]
  Angola Yes March 21, 2018 Yes October 6, 2020 Yes November 4, 2020[71]
  Benin Yes July 7, 2019 No No
  Botswana Yes February 10, 2019 Yes Yes February 19, 2023
  Burkina Faso Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 27, 2019 Yes May 29, 2019[72]
  Burundi Yes July 2, 2018 Yes June 17, 2021 Yes August 26, 2021
  Cameroon Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 31, 2020 Yes December 1, 2020
  Central African Republic Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 9, 2020 Yes September 22, 2020
  Cape Verde Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 13, 2020 Yes February 5, 2022
  Chad Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 29, 2018 Yes July 2, 2018[73]
  Ivory Coast Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 13, 2018 Yes November 23, 2018
  Comoros Yes March 21, 2018 Yes Yes February 19, 2023
  Republic of the Congo Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 7, 2019 Yes February 10, 2019
  Democratic Republic of the Congo Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 28, 2022 Yes February 23, 2022
  Djibouti Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 5, 2019 Yes February 11, 2019
  Egypt Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 27, 2019 Yes April 8, 2019[74]
  Equatorial Guinea Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 28, 2019 Yes July 2, 2019[75]
  Eritrea No No No
  Eswatini Yes March 21, 2018 Yes June 21, 2018 Yes July 2, 2018[73]
  Ethiopia Yes March 21, 2018 Yes March 23, 2019 Yes April 10, 2019[76]
  Gabon Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 2, 2019 Yes July 7, 2019[75]
  Gambia Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 11, 2019 Yes April 16, 2019
  Ghana Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 7, 2018 Yes May 10, 2018[77]
  Guinea Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 31, 2018 Yes October 16, 2018
  Guinea-Bissau Yes February 8, 2019 Yes August 31, 2022[78] Yes August 31, 2022
  Kenya Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 6, 2018 Yes May 10, 2018[77]
  Lesotho Yes July 2, 2018 Yes October 20, 2020 Yes November 27, 2020
  Liberia Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 1, 2023[79] Yes July 31, 2024[citation needed]
  Libya Yes March 21, 2018 No No
  Madagascar Yes March 21, 2018 No No
  Malawi Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 1, 2020[80] Yes January 15, 2021[81]
  Mali Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 11, 2019 Yes February 1, 2019
  Mauritania Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 31, 2019 Yes February 11, 2019[82]
  Mauritius Yes March 21, 2018 Yes September 30, 2019 Yes October 7, 2019
  Morocco Yes March 21, 2018 Yes February 24, 2022 Yes April 18, 2022
  Mozambique Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 9, 2023[83] Yes July 5, 2023
  Namibia Yes July 2, 2018 Yes January 25, 2019 Yes February 1, 2019
  Niger Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 28, 2018 Yes June 19, 2018[84]
  Nigeria Yes July 7, 2019 Yes December 3, 2020[85] Yes December 5, 2020[86]
  Rwanda Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 25, 2018 Yes May 26, 2018[87]
  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 27, 2019 Yes April 30, 2019
  São Tomé and Príncipe Yes March 21, 2018 Yes May 28, 2019 Yes June 27, 2019[88]
  Senegal Yes March 21, 2018 Yes March 12, 2019 Yes April 2, 2019
  Seychelles Yes March 21, 2018 Yes July 8, 2021 Yes September 15, 2021
  Sierra Leone Yes July 2, 2018 Yes April 19, 2019 Yes April 30, 2019
  Somalia Yes March 21, 2018 Yes No
  South Africa Yes July 2, 2018 Yes January 31, 2019 Yes February 10, 2019[89]
  South Sudan Yes March 21, 2018 No No
  Sudan Yes March 21, 2018 No No
  Tanzania Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 17, 2022 Yes January 17, 2022[7]
  Togo Yes March 21, 2018 Yes January 9, 2019 Yes April 2, 2019
  Tunisia Yes March 21, 2018 Yes September 7, 2020 Yes November 27, 2020
  Uganda Yes March 21, 2018 Yes November 20, 2018 Yes February 9, 2019[90]
  Zambia Yes February 10, 2019 Yes January 28, 2021[91] Yes February 5, 2021[92]
  Zimbabwe Yes March 21, 2018 Yes April 25, 2019 Yes May 24, 2019[93]

Other AU member states

edit

Eritrea has not signed due to tensions with Ethiopia, but as of 2019, following the 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit, the AU Commissioner for Trade and Industry expected that Eritrea would eventually sign the agreement.[61][needs update]

Human rights assessment

edit

A July 2017 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa report argues that the CFTA may contribute to tackling poverty and inequality as its wide scope will facilitate structural changes in African economies. It is seen as a step towards meeting the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals. The document was targeted to ensuring human rights were considered within the negotiations.[94][95]

According to Food and Agriculture Organization, recognizing the intersections of gender, agriculture, and trade, it is critical to ensure that the implementation of the AfCFTA addresses the nuanced and varied challenges that women face.[96] It is vital that the operationalization of the AfCFTA agreement ensures that future trade policies, practices, and regulations promote gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls on the African continent, especially in supporting women to seize the new opportunities created ‘in agriculture’ by the AfCFTA.[96] Implementation of the agreement that is not inclusive of women could result in a widening gender gap by negatively affecting women-led micro, small, or medium-sized enterprises and those who rely on informal trade (including cross border) for their livelihoods.[96]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ There are eight Regional Economic Communities recognised by the African Union, each established under a separate regional treaty.

Source

edit

  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture​, FAO, FAO.

References

edit
  1. ^ SARS (South African Revenue Service). 2021. Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade AREA (AfCFTA). AfCFTA. https://www.sars.gov.za/legal-counsel/international-treaties-agreements/trade-agreements/afcfta/ Date of access: 14 Oct. 2021
  2. ^ "Summary of the key decisions and declarations of the 31st African Union Summit". African Union. July 6, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Kenya and Ghana to ratify instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area | African Union". au.int. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Tunisia and Lesotho join growing number of countries to ratify AfCFTA one month to start of trading". United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. November 30, 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Africa's Single Market To Come Into Force In July 2019". KT Press. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
  6. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (December 26, 2018). "Africa moved the world closer to its largest free trade area since WTO in 2018". Quartz Africa.
  7. ^ a b Tanzania Embassy in Ethiopia [@tanzaniainaddis] (January 17, 2022). "Ambassador deposits instrument of accession" (Tweet). Addis Ababa. Retrieved January 26, 2022 – via Twitter.
  8. ^ First, Togo. "Togo ratifies law to create African Continental Free Trade Area". www.togofirst.com.
  9. ^ a b "Uganda officially joins the Africa free trade deal, over 20 countries on the fence". November 29, 2018.
  10. ^ "Status of AfCFTA Ratification". tralac.org. August 2024.
  11. ^ Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know". Al Jazeera.
  12. ^ a b "African states agree massive trade bloc". BBC News. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  13. ^ "Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy". Bloomberg.com. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  14. ^ AfricaNews. "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews". Africanews. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  15. ^ Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). "Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization". CNBC.
  16. ^ a b "Forty-four African countries sign a free-trade deal". The Economist. March 22, 2018.
  17. ^ "44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area". Arab News. March 21, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  18. ^ Abdi Latif Dahir (April 3, 2019). "Africa's historic free trade deal now has enough countries signed up to go into force". Quartz Africa.
  19. ^ "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments". African Union. April 29, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area (3 January 2022).
  21. ^ "Akufo-Addo commissions and hands-over AfCFTA secretariat to AU commission". Joy online. August 17, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  22. ^ "Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area".
  23. ^ "Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched". African Union. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  24. ^ a b c "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods" (PDF). unctad.org. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  25. ^ "African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger". African Union. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  26. ^ "Constitutive Act of the African Union" (PDF). au.int. African Union. Retrieved July 8, 2019. Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"
  27. ^ "Constitutive Act of the African Union" (PDF). au.int. African Union. Retrieved July 8, 2019. Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"
  28. ^ a b c d Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). "Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations" (PDF). Brookings. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  29. ^ tralac, trade law centre. "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". tralac.org. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  30. ^ Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel (March 14, 2018). "How the free movement of people could benefit Africa". The Conversation. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  31. ^ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement". AfricaNews. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  32. ^ "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". Tralac. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  33. ^ a b c "African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents". Tralac. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  34. ^ Balima, Boureima (July 8, 2019). "Economic 'game changer'? African leaders launch free-trade zone". Reuters. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  35. ^ a b c d Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". Tralac. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  36. ^ "INDICATION OF LEGAL INSTRUMENTS SIGNED AT THE 10TH EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF THE ASSEMBLY ON THE LAUNCH OF THE AFCFTA". Tralac. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  37. ^ TRALAC (November 28, 2018). "Uganda Deposits Its Instrument of Ratification of The Agreement On The AfCFTA". Addis Ababa: African Continental Free Trade Area (TRALAC). Retrieved July 4, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  38. ^ a b c "African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  39. ^ "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 21, 2018.
  40. ^ "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 21, 2018.
  41. ^ Witschge, Loes (March 20, 2018). "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know". Al-Jazeera.
  42. ^ "The African Continental Free Trade Area". World Bank. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  43. ^ Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". tralac Discussion. trade law centre. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  44. ^ a b c d Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). "The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area". tralac Discussion. trade law centre. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  45. ^ "9th Meeting of the AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Body - AfCFTA". March 22, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  46. ^ "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments". African Union. April 29, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  47. ^ a b Meldrum, Andrew (July 7, 2019). "African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  48. ^ "Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union". African Union. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  49. ^ "After months of COVID delays, African free trade bloc launches". aljazeera.com. Al Jazeera English. January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  50. ^ Uwiringiyimana, Clement (March 21, 2018). "Nigeria keen to ensure Africa trade bloc good for itself: president". Reuters.
  51. ^ "More countries sign the African free trade area agreement". The East African. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  52. ^ "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  53. ^ Giles, Chris (March 22, 2018). "44 African countries agree free trade agreement, Nigeria yet to sign". CNN.
  54. ^ "Nigeria's Buhari explains failure to sign continental free trade agreement". Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  55. ^ "Why Nigeria, South Africa did not join other Nations to sign Continental Free Trade agreement". Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  56. ^ "Why Nigeria had good reasons to delay signing Africa's free trade deal". Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  57. ^ "Nigeria: Why We Are Worried Over African Free Trade Agreement - Dangote, MAN, LCCI". Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  58. ^ Kazeem, Yomi (July 3, 2019). "Africa's largest economy is finally backing the continent's plans for a single free trade market". Quartz Africa.
  59. ^ AfricaNews (July 6, 2019). "Eritrea now sole outsiders of free trade deal as Nigeria, Benin sign up". Africanews. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  60. ^ "Nigeria finally commits to signing the Africa free trade agreement". The South African. July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  61. ^ a b c "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement". BBC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  62. ^ Jones, Mayeni (July 7, 2019). "Nigeria signs African free trade area agreement". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  63. ^ Ighobor, Kingsley (August–November 2018). "Africa set for a massive free trade area". Africa Renewal. United Nations. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  64. ^ "Status of AfCFTA Ratification". Tralac. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  65. ^ Ndlovu, Sitshengisiwe (July 23, 2020). "AfCFTA establishment pushed to 2021 by Covid-19". The Herald. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  66. ^ "Statement of H.E. Mr. Wamkele Mene on the Occasion of Swearing-in as the Secretary General of the AfCFTA Secretariat". African Union. March 19, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  67. ^ a b "AfCFTA: Towards the African Continental Free Trade Area". Tralac. May 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
  68. ^ "Somalia approves Africa free trade area treaty for ratification - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com.
  69. ^ "Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area". African Union. October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  70. ^ "UNECA announces initiative to spur role of AfCFTA in Africa's post-COVID-19 economic recovery". June 25, 2021.
  71. ^ Abdulrahman Olagunju (November 4, 2020). "Angola becomes 30th state party to the AfCFTA by depositing instruments of ratification".
  72. ^ "Africa's Free Trade Zone Kicks-Off". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  73. ^ a b "Five more countries sign, two ratify AfCFTA at AU Summit". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  74. ^ "Egypt is 18th AfCFTA ratification instrument depositor". April 8, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  75. ^ a b "Gabon, Equatorial Guinea submit AfCFTA ratification to AU". Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  76. ^ "Ethiopia deposits instruments of ratification of AfCFTA". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  77. ^ a b "Kenya and Ghana deposit instruments of African Continental Free Trade Area ratification". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  78. ^ Lusa. "Guinea-Bissau: Country is 44th member of African Continental Free Trade Area". Macau Business. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  79. ^ Release, Press (August 6, 2024). "AfCFTA Secretariat Applauds Liberia's Ratification of Agreement as "Remarkable," Commits to Supporting Trade and Capacity Development Initiatives". FrontPageAfrica.
  80. ^ "Malawi Ratifies AfCFTA after Submitting Instruments of Ratification". Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  81. ^ "Malawi deposits AfCFTA ratification to AU". January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  82. ^ "Deposit of the instrument of Ratification of the AfCFTA Agreement by Mauritania". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  83. ^ "Mozambique - Trade Agreements". www.trade.gov. March 13, 2024.
  84. ^ "Niger deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  85. ^ "Nigeria has ratified Africa's historic free trade agreement—but its land borders remain closed". November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  86. ^ "Nigeria becomes 34th country to ratify AfCFTA agreement". December 5, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  87. ^ "Rwanda becomes third country to ratify A.U. free trade pact". May 27, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  88. ^ "African Union ECOSOCC". Facebook. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  89. ^ "President deposits SA's AfCFTA instrument of ratification". February 11, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  90. ^ "Uganda deposits its instrument of ratification of the Agreement on the AfCFTA". Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  91. ^ "Zambian cabinet approves ratification of African free trade agreement". October 27, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  92. ^ "Zambia is latest country to ratify the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement". February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  93. ^ "Zimbabwe's National Consultative Forum on the African continental free trade area slated for 19 June". Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  94. ^ Report: the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) in a human rights perspective. UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. ISBN 9783958618596. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  95. ^ "Building a Sustainable and Inclusive Continental Free Trade Area - Nine Priority Recommendations from a Human Rights Perspective" (PDF). UN Economic Commission for Africa. July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 19, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  96. ^ a b c Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture. Accra: FAO. 2021. doi:10.4060/cb6966en. ISBN 978-92-5-135021-8. S2CID 244712893.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area&oldid=1258455946"