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English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)

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The English expedition to Algiers occurred between 1620 and 1621, it was a naval attack ordered by King James with the goal of ending Muslim piracy.[2][1]

English expedition to Algiers
Part of Corsair War (1620–1621)

Depiction of Algiers in 1620
Date1620–1621
Location
Algiers
Result Algerian victory[1][2][3]
Belligerents
 England Algiers
Commanders and leaders
Mansell Kassan Kaid Kussa
Strength
20 ships Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

Background

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With the accession of James I (1603–1625) to power in England, Anglo-Algerian relations moved from peaceful diplomacy to maritime hostilities. An "opponent of Islam", he damaged relations with the Regency of Algiers by issuing privateering licenses to his subjects, enabling them to attack ships of the Barbary states.[4] Although the English government had recalled privateering licenses in 1595 due to English privateers committing infractions and being prosecuted and sentenced in admiralty courts, they still had "a freer command over the Mediterranean, where Turkish and Algerian ships were seen as rightful prizes."[5] In 1620, an English fleet under the command of Robert Mansell, supported by Richard Hawkins and Thomas Button, was sent to Algiers to put an end to the grips of the Barbary pirates on the trade route passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. After obtaining the release of 40 captives, following negotiations, in November 1620, Mansell took part in a second expedition in 1621.

Expedition

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On 27 November in the year 1620, Mansell arrived at Algiers with 20 ships and formally demanded that the Dey of Algiers surrender all of the English subjects and vessels they had. He also demanded the execution or capture of all of the pirates who had captured them.[1] The Algerians pretended to show eagerness to comply with his demands and released some four-and-twenty captives. Mansell was aware that this was a small amount since the Algerians had captured 150 English vessels in the past six years, however he was not prepared to fight and sailed away.[1]

On 21 May, he returned to Algiers and three days later launched his attack.[1] The English launched several fire ships against the pirate ships, with flames being seen shooting up in no less than seven places amongst their rigging.[1] The English were low on ammunition and the Algerians took advantage of this, eventually driving off Mansell's fleet.[1][2][3]

Aftermath

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The expedition prompted a violent response by the Algerian pirates: they not only raided merchant ships in the Mediterranean, but extended their piracy to the British mainland along the English Channel. Years of privateering did England more damage than Algiers. James I furthered a treaty through the Sublime Porte, where he negotiated directly in Constantinople in 1622 with the Pasha of Algiers, who happened to be visiting there.[6]

English ships

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Ship Guns Commander Notes Ref.
Lion 40 Admiral Sir Robert Mansell [7]
Vanguard 40 Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Hawkins
Rainbow 40 Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Button
Constant Reformation 40 Captain Arthur Manwaring [7][8]
Antelope 34 Captain Sir Henry Palmer [7][9]
Convertine 36 Captain Thomas Love [7][10]
Mercury 20 Joined 26 February 1621 [7]
Spy 18
Golden Phoenix 24 Hired merchant ship [11]
Samuel 22
Marygold 21
Zouche Phoenix 26
Barbary 18
Centurion 22
Primrose 18
Hercules 24
Neptune 21
Bonaventure 23
Restore 12
Marmaduke 12

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage (1617-1623): A Chapter of English History. Samuel Rawson Gardiner. Hurst a. Blackett.
  2. ^ a b c Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery. Nabil Matar. Columbia University Press.
  3. ^ a b The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660-1649. N A M Rodger.
  4. ^ Marsden, Reginald Godfrey (1915). Documents Relating to Law and Custom of the Sea: A.D. 1205-1648. Navy Records Society. p. xxvii.
  5. ^ Marsden, Reginald Godfrey (1915). Documents Relating to Law and Custom of the Sea: A.D. 1205-1648. xxiii: Navy Records Society. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  6. ^ Fatima Maameri (2008). Ottoman Algeria in Western Diplomatic History with Particular Emphasis on Relations with the United States of America, 1776-1816 (PDF). Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of Languages, University Mentouri, Constantine in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctorat d’Etat. p. 116. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Winfield (2009), p. 57.
  8. ^ Winfield (2009), p. 167.
  9. ^ Winfield (2009), p. 218.
  10. ^ Winfield (2009), p. 221.
  11. ^ Winfield (2009), p. 799.

References

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  • Winfield, Rif (2009). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-78346-924-6.
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