"Cotton-Eyed Joe" (also known as "Cotton-Eye Joe") (Roud 942) is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada, although today it is most commonly associated with the American South. The song is mostly identified with the 1994 Rednex version, which became popular worldwide. The song is also an instrumental banjo and bluegrass fiddle standard.
| "Cotton-Eyed Joe" | |
|---|---|
| Song | |
| Published | Before 1861 |
| Genre | Country folk |
"Cotton-Eyed Joe" has inspired a partner dance and more than one line dance that is often danced at country dance venues in the United States and around the world. The 1980 film Urban Cowboy sparked a renewed interest in the dance. In 1985, the Moody Brothers' version of the song received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Instrumental Performance. The Irish group the Chieftains received a Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Collaboration for their version of the song with lead vocals by Ricky Skaggs on their 1992 album Another Country.
History
edit19th century
editThe origins of this song are unclear, although it predates the 1861–1865 American Civil War.[1] American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878–1935) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs that several people remembered hearing the song before the war. Scarborough's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from "the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana". The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations.[2] Both the dance and the song had many variants.[3]
The melody of the song may have originated in Ireland. Paddy Moloney of The Chieftains was on tour in Texas when he heard the song and immediately identified it as an old Irish folk melody, "The Mountain Top".[4]
A number of possible meanings of the term "cotton-eyed" have been proposed. The phrase may refer to: being drunk on moonshine, or having been blinded by drinking wood alcohol, turning the eyes milky white; a black person with very light blue eyes; miners covered in dirt with the exception of their white eyes; someone whose eyes were milky white from bacterial infections of trachoma or syphilis, cataracts or glaucoma; or the contrast of dark skin tone around white eyeballs in black people.[5]
American publishing house Harper and Brothers published the first printed version of the song in 1882.[6] It was heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child.[7] That 1882 version was republished as follows in 1910:[8]
Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you sarve me so,
Fur ter take my gal erway fum me,
An' cyar her plum ter Tennessee?
Ef it hadn't ben fur Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd er been married long ergo.
His eyes wuz crossed, an' his nose wuz flat,
An' his teef wuz out, but wat uv dat?
Fur he wuz tall, an' he wuz slim,
An' so my gal she follered him.
Ef it hadn't ben fur Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd er been married long ergo.
No gal so hansum could be foun',
Not in all dis country roun',
Wid her kinky head, an' her eyes so bright,
Wid her lips so red an' her teef so white.
Ef it hadn't ben fur Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd been married long ergo.
An' I loved dat gal wid all my heart,
An' she swo' fum me she'd never part;
But den wid Joe she runned away,
An' lef' me hyear fur ter weep all day.
O Cotton-eyed Joe, O Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you sarve me so?
O Joe, ef it hadn't er ben fur you,
I'd er married dat gal fur true.
The lyrics of this version, in nondialectal standard American English are:
Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you serve me so,
For to take my gal away from me,
And carry her down to Tennessee?
If it hadn't been for Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd have been married long ago.
His eyes were crossed, and his nose was flat,
And his teeth were out, but what was that?
For he was tall, and he was slim,
And so my gal she followed him.
If it hadn't been for Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd have been married long ago.
No gal so handsome could be found,
Not in all this country round,
With her kinky head, and her eyes so bright,
With her lips so red and her teeth so white.
If it hadn't been for Cotton-eyed Joe,
I'd have been married long ago.
And I loved that gal with all my heart,
And she swore from me she'd never part;
But then with Joe she ran away,
And left me here for to weep all day.
O Cotton-eyed Joe, O Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you serve me so?
O Joe, if it hadn't been for you,
I'd have married that gal for true.
By 1884, the fiddle-based song was referred to as "an old, familiar air".[9] In 1925, another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published.[10]
Don't you remember, don't you know,
Don't you remember Cotton-eyed Joe?
Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,
What did make you treat me so?
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe!
Cotton-eyed Joe, Cotton-eyed Joe,
He was de nig dat sarved me so, –
Tuck my gal away fum me,
Carried her off to Tennessee.
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
If it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.
Hi's teeth was out an' his nose was flat,
His eyes was crossed, – but she did n't mind dat.
Kase he was tall, and berry slim,
An' so my gal she follered him.
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.
She was de prettiest gal to be found
Anywhar in de country round;
Her lips was red an' her eyes was bright,
Her skin was black but her teeth was white.
I'd 'a' been married forty year ago
Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.
Dat gal, she sho' had all my love,
An swore fum ne she'd never move,
But Joe hoodooed her, don't you see,
An' she run off wid him to Tennessee,
I'd 'a' been married forty years ago,
Ef it hadn't a-been for Cotton-eyed Joe.
Scarborough noted that the song seemed to be well known in the South prior to the Civil War, and parts of it had been sent in by various persons.[10]
Over the years, many different versions of the song have been performed and/or recorded with many different versions of the lyrics (and many without lyrics). "Cotton-Eyed Joe", on occasion referred to as "The South Texas National Anthem", was played for minstrel-type jigs, and it has long been popular as a square dance hoedown and a couple dance polka.[11]
A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe "poker" with fringes added. These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer.[12]
20th century
editDuring the first half of the 20th century, the song was a widely known folk song all over English-speaking North America. One discography lists 134 recorded versions released since 1950.[13] In more recent decades, the song has waned in popularity in most regions except some parts of the American South, where it is still a popular folk song.[citation needed]
Bob Wills and Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians both recorded the song, and according to music historian Bill C. Malone, Hofner's 1941 version was the one that did the most to popularize the song.[14] A 1967 instrumental version of the song by Al Dean inspired a new round dance polka for couples.[11]
The dance remained popular in Texas in the 1970s.[15] A circle dance called "Cotton-Eyed Joe" can be found in the 1975 edition of Encyclopedia of Social Dance. The men stand on the inside of a circle facing out, and the women stand on the outside facing in; both circles follow a sequence of kick steps and struts.[16]
The spoke line version gained popularity, not only in Texas but also across the United States and overseas[clarification needed] in the 1980s.[11] A Western "craze" followed the 1980 release of the film Urban Cowboy.[citation needed] In Merle Haggard's "Texas Fiddle Song" (1981), the final verse makes reference to the "Cotton-Eyed Joe" and features the melody of both the Bob Wills and Al Dean versions.[citation needed] "Cotton-Eyed Joe" and its continued popularity in Texas were referred to in the lyrics to Alabama's 1984 song "If You're Gonna Play in Texas".[17]
Modern covers
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2024) |
In August 1994, the Swedish Eurodance group Rednex covered the song as "Cotton Eye Joe" for their album Sex & Violins, combining their style with traditional American instruments, such as banjos[18] and fiddles. In 2002, "Cotton Eye Joe" was remixed in a dance version and was released from Rednex's greatest hits album, The Best of the West. The Rednex cover made an appearance on the sitcom New Girl in 2013 in the season 2 finale, "Elaine's Big Day."[19]
In July 2023, a cover of the song was posted on TikTok, changing the lyrics to nonsense syllables (most often transcribed as "gegagedigedagedago") for comedic effect, which became an Internet meme. The cover would then be put in multiple posts on the platform with various objects such as a chicken nugget singing with speech bubbles containing the lyrics, usually with the "Man" face from Roblox on the objects. Newer posts with the cover would show said objects with faces animated. [20]
Select list of recorded versions
edit- 1927: Fiddlin' John Carson (earliest known recording)
- 1928: Gid Tanner's Skillet Lickers, Columbia 15283D, 4/10/1928[ambiguous][21][22][23][24]
- 1928: Pope's Arkansas Mountaineers, Victor 21469-A, recorded 2/6/28,[ambiguous] Memphis, Tennessee
- 1941: Burl Ives on the album, The Wayfaring Stranger
- 1942: Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians, with J. R. Chatwell on fiddle
- 1947: Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys[citation needed]
- 1956: Josh White on the album, The Josh White Stories Vol. 1
- 1959: New Lost City Ramblers on the album, Old Timey Songs for Children
- 1959: Nina Simone on the album, Nina Simone at Town Hall
- 1960: Walter Brennan
- 1962: Karen Dalton on the album, Cotton Eyed Joe
- 1967: Al Dean and the All Stars on the 45 record,[which?] KIKN Records
- 1968: Terry Callier on the album, The New Folk Sound of Terry Callier
- 1974: Isaac Payton Sweat on the album Country Masters
- 1976: Leona Williams on the album, San Quentin's First Lady
- 1980: Johnny Gimble with Willie Nelson on the soundtrack album for the film Honeysuckle Rose
- 1985: Asleep at the Wheel on the album, Pasture Prime
- 1985: The Moody Brothers on their self-titled album, The Moody Brothers, Grammy-nominated
- 1992: The Chieftains with Ricky Skaggs on the album, Another Country, Grammy-nominated
- 1992: Michelle Shocked released a reworked version of the song, titled "Prodigal Daughter (Cotton Eyed Joe)", on the album Arkansas Traveler
- 1993 The Red Clay Ramblers, on the album The Red Clay Ramblers Live
- 1994: Black Lace, released under the song title, "Bullshit"
- 1994: Rednex on the album, Sex & Violins
- 2002: The Chieftains with Ricky Skaggs on the compilation The Wide World Over
- 2003: Vanessa-Mae on the album, The Ultimate Vanessa-Mae
- 2004: The Ebony Hillbillies on the album, Sabrina's Holiday
- 2010: Josh Rouse on the album, El Turista
- 2010: Hot Club of Cowtown
- 2014: Lee Matthews, Country and Irish singer, produced a version that topped the Irish Country Singles chart
- 2016: The Sweeplings on the album, Covers, Ch. 1 [25]
- 2017: Daniel Radcliffe, Andy Hull, and Robert McDowell, for the film Swiss Army Man
- 2022: Roger McGuinn. at the Folk Den
- 2023: Rufus Wainwright and Chaka Khan
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Everett, Holly: "The Many Lives of 'Cotton Eyed Joe'", Canadian Society for Traditional Music Conference, 2002, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland.
- ^ Scarborough, Dorothy; Gulledge, Ola Lee (1925). On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs. Harvard University Press. p. 289. ISBN 0-674-01262-3. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
He said he had known it from his earliest childhood and had heard the enslaved people sing it on the plantations.
- ^ Lloyd Shaw, The Round Dance Book, The Caxton Printers, Ltd, 1948, p. 314. No ISBN or catalogue number.
- ^ McWhiney, Grady (1988), Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South, Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p.120. ISBN 0-8173-0458-4
- ^ "Information at The Fiddler's Companion". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
- ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (8 August 2016). The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4422-5749-8.
- ^ Pyrnelle, Louise Clarke (1910). Diddie, shoots, and Tot: or, Plantation child-life. Harper and Brothers. p. vi. ISBN 9781421967509. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
The stories, plantation games, and Hymns are just as I heard them in my childhood
- ^ Pyrnelle, Louise Clarke (1910). Diddie, Dumps, and Tot: or, Plantation child-life. Harper and Brothers. pp. 135–36. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
Cotton eyed Joe.
- ^ Brotherhood of locomotive firemen and enginemen's magazine. Vol. 8. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. 1884. p. 534. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
- ^ a b Scarborough, Dorothy; Quiledge, Ola Lee (1925). "On The Trail of Negro Folk-Songs-online book. A collection of negro folk songs with lyrics, sheet music & commentaries". Traditionalmusic.co.uk. pp. 69–70. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Dance Across Texas Betty Casey, University of Texas Press, 1985, p. 17. ISBN 0-292-71540-4
- ^ Harris, Pittman, Waller, Dance a While. Handbook of Folk, Square, and Social Dancing. 1950, 1955, 1964, 1968. Burgess Publishing Company, Fourth Edition, p. 151.
- ^ "Grateful Dead Family Discography:Cotton-Eyed Joe". The Grateful Dead Family Discography. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
- ^ Bill C. Malone, Don't Get above Your Raisin′, University of Illinois Press, 2001, p. 313. ISBN 0-252-02678-0
- ^ "Honky Tonks, Hymns, & the Blues". Honkytonks.org. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
- ^ Albert and Josephine Bulter, Encyclopedia of Social Dance, New York: Albert Bulter Ballroom Dance Service. New York, New York, 1975.
- ^ "Lyrics to If You're Gonna Play In Texas (You Gotta Have A Fiddle In The Band)". Genius.com. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
- ^ "Cotton Eye Joe – Rednex". tralala.gr. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
- ^ "Elaine's Big Day". IMDb.
- ^ "After Eight Billion Views on YouTube Gegagedigedagedago is Ready For a Spotify Release". FOX 2 (Press release). Brunkeflo, Idaho. EIN Presswire. 2024-05-24. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "COLUMBIA 78rpm numerical listing discography: 15000D series". 78discography.com.
- ^ The Journal of American Folk-lore. American Folk-lore Society. 1965.
- ^ Tudor, Dean (1983). Popular Music: An Annotated Guide to Recordings. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 978-0-87287-395-7.
- ^ Wolfe, Charles K. (March 1997). The devil's box: masters of southern fiddling. Country Music Foundation Press. ISBN 9780826512833.
- ^ Covers, Ch. 1. 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2018-08-30.