The Council of the Islamic Revolution (Persian: شورای انقلاب اسلامی, romanized: Šūrā-ye enqelāb-e eslāmi) was a group formed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to manage the Iranian Revolution on 10 January 1979, shortly before he returned to Iran.[2] "Over the next few months there issued from the council hundreds of rulings and laws, dealing with everything from bank nationalization to nurses' salaries."[3] Its existence was kept a secret during the early, less secure time of the revolution,[4] and its members and the exact nature of what the council did remained undisclosed to the public until early 1980. Some of the council's members like Motahhari, Taleqani, Bahonar, Beheshti, Qarani died during Iran–Iraq War or were assassinated by the MKO during the consolidation of the Iranian Revolution. Most of those who remained were put aside by the regime.[5]
Council of the Islamic Revolution | |
|---|---|
 | |
,_Hassan_Habibi,_Abdul-Karim_Mousavi_Ardebili.jpg) | |
| Date formed | 12 January 1979[1] |
| Date dissolved | 20 July 1980[1] |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Ruhollah Khomeini |
Overview
edit The Council was composed of seven religious figures associated with Khomeini, seven secular opposition figures, and two representatives of the security forces. According to Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Khomeini chose Beheshti, Motahhari, Rafsanjani, Bahonar, Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Musavi Ardabili as members. These invited others to serve: Bazargan, Taleqani, Khamenei, Banisadr, Mahdavi Kani, Sahabi, Katirayee, Javadi, Qarani and Masoodi,[6] Moinfar, Minachi (until 1979) and Ghotbzadeh.[7]
The council put Bazargan forward as the Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Iran, which Khomeini accepted.[8]
It has been described as "a parallel government" that passed laws and competed with the official Interim Government[9] whose leading members had come from the council.[3]
The council served as the undisputed government of Iran from the resignation of Bazargan and the rest of the Interim Government until the formation of first parliament (6 November 1979 - 12 August 1980).[10]
Among the actions the council took was the April 1979 creation of revolutionary tribunals to try and execute enemies of the revolution;[11] nationalization of companies; the delivery of an ultimatum in April 1980 to leftists groups to leave Iranian universities. Following this, a "large number" of leftist were "killed or wounded".[12]
Members of the council were not in complete agreement as to how they wanted Iran to be governed. Abolhassan Banisadr, Ebrahim Yazdi, and Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, and the Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani favoured a democratic government, while Khomeini, Beheshti, and other clerics desired a constitution with a planning council but no elected parliament, as law would be based on Sharia law interpreted by mujtahid. The later vision prevailed after the assassination of Ayatollah Mutahhari and the death of Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani on 10 September 1979 greatly strengthened the Islamists' hand.[5]
Members
editAccording to Mehdi Bazargan, members of the council were as follows:[13]
| Before February 1979 | February–July 1979 | July–November 1979 | November 1979–July 1980 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morteza Motahhari | assassinated | ||||
| Mahmoud Taleghani | deceased | ||||
| Valiollah Qarani | assassinated | ||||
| Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani | |||||
| Mohammad Beheshti | |||||
| Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani | |||||
| Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili | |||||
| Mohammad-Javad Bahonar | |||||
| Ebrahim Yazdi | Went to interim government | — | |||
| Yadollah Sahabi | Went to interim government | — | |||
| Ahmad Sayyed Javadi | Went to interim government | — | |||
| Mostafa Katiraei | Went to interim government | Mostafa Katiraei | — | ||
| Mehdi Bazargan | Went to interim government | Mehdi Bazargan | |||
| Ezzatollah Sahabi | |||||
| Abbas Sheybani | |||||
| — | Ali Khamenei | ||||
| — | Ali-Asghar Masoudi | — | |||
| — | Abolhassan Banisadr | ||||
| — | Sadegh Ghotbzadeh | ||||
| — | Mir-Hossein Mousavi | — | |||
| — | Habibollah Payman | — | |||
| — | Ahmad Jalali | — | |||
| — | Ali Akbar Moinfar | ||||
| — | Reza Sadr | ||||
Chairmen
edit| # | Chairman | Took office | Left office | Political party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Morteza Motahhari | .jpg)
|
c. November 1978[14] 12 January 1979 (official) |
1 May 1979 | Combatant Clergy Association |
| 2 | Mahmoud Taleghani | 
|
1 May 1979 | 9 September 1979 | Freedom Movement |
| 3 | Mohammad Beheshti | 
|
9 September 1979 | 7 February 1980 | Islamic Republican Party |
| 4 | Abolhassan Banisadr | 
|
7 February 1980[15] | 11 August 1980 | Independent |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (PhD thesis). Durham University. p. 92. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, 1984, p.64
- ^ a b Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, 1984, p.65
- ^ during the time of Khomeini's arrival in Tehran (1 February 1979) the council was described as "secret" by Baqer Moin in his book Khomeini, p.200)
- ^ a b Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 290
- ^ Event list Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rubin, Barry (1980). Paved with Good Intentions (PDF). New York: Penguin Books. p. 283. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013.
- ^ چرا و چگونه بازرگان به نخست وزیری رسید؟ Archived 2008-04-13 at the Wayback Machine The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on 5 February.
- ^ Keddie, Modern Iran, (2003) p.245
- ^ Iran Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, World Statesmen.
- ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs, Basic Books, 1984, p. 61
- ^ Keddie, Modern Iran, (2003) p. 250
- ^ Mehdi Bazargan (19 January 2011) [11 February 1982], سخنرانی مهدی بازرگان به مناسبت سومین سالگرد انقلاب اسلامی (in Persian), Iranian History, archived from the original on 18 February 2017, retrieved 16 January 2017
- ^ Mohsen Radadi, جنگ شوراها نگاهی به تشکیل شورای انقلاب و شورای سلطنت در زمستان 1357 (in Persian), archived from the original on 18 February 2017, retrieved 17 February 2017
- ^ Mohammadighalehtaki, Ariabarzan (2012). Organisational Change in Political Parties in Iran after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. With Special Reference to the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) and the Islamic Iran Participation Front Party (Mosharekat) (Ph.D. thesis). Durham University. p. 113.
Bibliography
edit- Bakhash, Shaul (1984). Reign of the Ayatollahs. Basic Books.
- Keddie, Nikki (2003). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Yale University Press.
- Moin, Baqer (2000). Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah. Thomas Dunne Books.