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Crime in St. Louis

(Redirected from Crime and social issues of St. Louis, Missouri)

Crime in St. Louis includes an overview of crime both in the city of St. Louis and in the Greater St. Louis metropolitan area. Crime in the city increased from the 1960s through the early 1990s as measured by the index crime rate. Despite decreasing crime, rates of violent crime and property crime in both the city and the metropolitan area remain higher than the national metropolitan area average.[1] In addition, the city of St. Louis consistently has been ranked among the most dangerous cities in the United States. As of April 2017, St. Louis has the highest murder rate in America.[2] At the end of 2017, St. Louis metropolitan had 205 murders, 159 of which were within the city limits.[3] In 2018, the new Chief of Police, John Hayden said two-thirds (67%) of all the murders and one-half of all the assaults are concentrated in a triangular area in the north part of the city.[3]

Greater St. Louis
Crime rates* (2016)
Violent crimes
Homicide11.1
Rape38.1
Robbery100.2
Aggravated assaultNot Reported
Total violent crimeNot Reported
Property crimes
Burglary442.5
Larceny-theft1,801.5
Motor vehicle theft246.3
Total property crime2,490.2
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Rates are calculated using population figures and crime statistics cited by the FBI. For 2016, the population of Greater St. Louis was reported as 2,811,156.

Source: FBI 2016 UCR data
("Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2016" Table 4)
City of St. Louis
Crime rates* (2016)
Violent crimes
Homicide59.8
Rape91.9
Robbery605.4
Aggravated assault1,156.1
Total violent crime1,913.2
Property crimes
Burglary1,017.8
Larceny-theft3,940.8
Motor vehicle theft972.3
Total property crime5,930.9
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Rates are calculated using population figures and crime statistics cited by the FBI. For 2016, the population of St. Louis was reported as 314,507.

Source: FBI 2016 UCR data
("Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area, 2016" Table 4)
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Prior to the 1930s, only sporadic information is available regarding crime in the city and region. As early as 1894, there were 80 homicides in the city, according to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.[4] For the period 1901 to 1910, the city recorded 804 homicides, with a homicide rate for the period of 12 per 100,000 residents.[5] In 1915, the city police reported 74 homicides, while 103 people were recorded as having died of homicide by the medical examiner.[6] In 1921, there were 138 homicides in St. Louis according to the St. Louis city coroner, giving a rate of about 14 per 100,000 residents.[7][8] After 1934, St. Louis reported crime statistics to the FBI, which compiled and published reports of index crime and homicides in the annual Uniform Crime Reports.

Starting in the 1950s, the city of St. Louis saw increases in its index crime and homicide rates, which both peaked in the early 1990s. However, St. Louis saw its peak number of index crimes and homicides in 1969 and 1970, respectively. Although some of the reduction in the number of index crimes since the early 1990s can be attributed to St. Louis's loss of population, other factors include low inflation, the decline of open-air drug markets, and a decline in crack cocaine use.[9]

In 2009, 67 police departments in St. Louis County[10] reported 33,718 index crimes, and three departments did not report crime to the FBI (these include the departments of Wellston, Normandy, and Lakeshire).

In 2010, the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department (the city police department) reported 33,782 index crimes, which was the lowest total reported index crimes since 1967 (however, index crimes in 1967 did not include larceny under $50, arson, or non-negligent manslaughter).[9][11] The index crime rate fell 9.2 percent from 2009, with a 15.6 percent decline in violent crime and a 7.6 percent decline in property crime.[9] However, Chief of Police Daniel Isom noted in the report that both homicides and burglaries remain problems in the city.[9]

Index crime and homicides in Greater St. Louis (2003–2016)[12][13][14]
Year Population Estimated
index crimes		 Index crime rate Estimated
homicides		 Homicide rate
1958 2,027,913 33,145 1,631.5 121 6.0
1959 2,040,134 33,467 1,610.4 146 7.2
2003 2,744,792 120,046 4,373.6 152 5.5
2004 2,758,612 113,907 4,129.1 205 7.4
2005 2,784,658 116,613 4,187.7 208 7.5
2006 2,798,956 120,281 4,297.4 185 6.6
2007 2,810,914 113,496 4,037.7 266 7.7
2008 2,820,831 110,742 3,925.9 233 8.3
2009 2,829,698 102,458[15] 3,620.8 210 7.4
2010 2,822,879 103,228 3,656.8 219 7.8
2011 2,824,159 102,357 3,624.3 215 7.6
2012 2,798,017   93,605 3,345.4 203 7.3
2014 2,807,175   80,818 2,879.0 248 8.8
2015 2,811,161   84,861 3,018.7 295 10.5
2016 2,811,156   74,830 * 2,661.9 313 11.1

For 1958–1959, UCR data specified that Greater St. Louis included St. Louis, St. Charles, and Jefferson counties in Missouri, and Madison and St. Clair counties in Illinois.

Index crime and homicides in St. Louis County (2009)[12][16]
Year Population Index crimes Index crime rate Homicides Homicide rate
2009 989,966 33,718 3,406.0 36 3.6
Index crime and homicides in St. Louis City (1930–2016)[12][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Year Population Index crimes Index crime rate Homicides Homicide rate
1930 821,960 138 16.8
1931 131 15.8
1932 119 14.3
1933
1934 14,805 101
1935 14,434 72
1936 14,715 72
1937 13,987 59
1938 12,819 55
1939 13,302 80
1940 816,048 12,702 1,556.5 55 6.7
1941 12,680 66
1942 13,495 62
1943 10,047 56
1944 7,289 69
1945 8,409 53
1946 10,879 87
1947 10,972 87
1948 15,668 67
1949 16,113 72
1950 856,796 15,515 1,810.8 83 9.7
1951 17,816 64
1952 19,794 101
1953 21,967 96
1954 27,357 77
1955 30,223 94
1956 34,698 95
1957 37,559 92
1958 41,007 107
1959 37,121 129
1960 750,026 38,810 5174.5 81 10.8
1961 35,557 92
1962 42,787 92
1963 48,763 138
1964 54,824 160
1965 53,530 182
1966 50,940 153
1967 56,316 217
1968 66,837 244
1969 76,594 297
1970 622,236 71,437 11,480.7 309 49.7
1971 602,600 67,464 11,195.5 277 46.0
1972 579,600 65,140 11,238.8 250 43.1
1973 539,300 63,852 11,839.8 254 47.1
1974 530,800 66,400 12,509.4 227 42.8
1975 514,000 69,399 13,501.8 274 53.3
1976 505,300 62,747 12,417.8 224 44.3
1977 486,800 55,450 11,390.7 195 40.1
1978 470,900 54,485 11,570.4 210 44.6
1979 457,500 57,567 12,583.0 265 57.9
1980 450,790 65,081 14,437.1 225 49.9
1981 454,166 63,097 13,892.9 265 58.3
1982 455,362 60,500 13,286.1 226 49.6
1983 457,262 51,302 11,219.4 152 33.2
1984 442,528 47,628 10,762.7 128 28.9
1985 431,109 49,540 11,491.3 169 39.2
1986 434,298 51,721 11,909.1 195 44.9
1987 429,414 54,971 12,801.4 153 35.6
1988 425,187 57,215 13,456.4 140 32.9
1989 405,066 62,683 15,474.8 158 39.0
1990 396,685 58,886 14,844.5 177 44.6
1991 399,858 64,103 16,031.4 260 65.0
1992 402,573 59,579 14,799.6 231 57.4
1993 387,053 64,438 16,648.4 267 69.0
1994 390,437 63,839 16,350.7 248 63.5
1995 371,425 59,736 16,082.9 204 54.9
1996 374,041 56,588 15,128.8 166 44.4
1997 377,221 51,214 13,576.7 153 40.6
1998 344,153 51,459 14,952.4 113 32.8
1999 340,836 47,711 13,998.2 130 38.1
2000 348,189 50,653 14,547.6 124 35.6
2001 350,336 52,635 15,024.1 148 42.3
2002 353,004 50,429 14,285.7 111 31.4
2003 340,256 52,294 15,369.0 74 21.8
2004 335,143 45,761 13,654.2 113 33.7
2005 346,005 46,568 13,458.8 131 37.9
2006 346,879 49,312 14,215.9 129 37.2
2007 348,197 41,555 11,934.3 138 39.6
2008 356,204 37,826 10,619.2 167 46.9
2009 355,208 36,948 10,401.8 143 40.3
2010 355,151 33,529 10,580.2 144 45.1
2011 320,454 31,619 9,866.9 113 35.3
2012 318,667 27,656 8,678.7 113 35.5
2014 318,574 25,267 7,931.3 159 49.9[17]
2015 317,095 26,013[22] 8,203.5 188 59.3[21]
2016 314,507 24,670 7,844.0 188 59.8[23]

2011 and 2012

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In 2011, the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department reported 113 homicides to the FBI, falling 21% from 2010, and producing a rate of 35.3 per 100,000 residents.[12] In addition, the city reported 31,619 index crimes, a reduction of 5.7% from 2010, for a rate of 9,866.9 per 100,000.[12] For the metropolitan area, the FBI estimated 102,357 index crimes took place in the region in 2011, a 0.8% decline from 2010, for a rate of 3,624.3 per 100,000.[12] The FBI estimated 215 homicides took place in the region in 2011, a decline of 1.8% from 2010, for a rate of 7.6 per 100,000.[12]

For 2012, preliminary crime data released by the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department showed a decline of 12.4% in crime, with the overall crime rate lower than it was in 1970.[24] St. Louis reported 113 homicides, the same as 2011, while it reported a decline in both violent and property crimes from 2011.[24] Violent crimes declined 4.9%, including a 16.5% decline in robberies to 1,777 the lowest since 1953, while property crime declined 14.2%, with a 28.9% decline in burglaries.[24] Rape was up 5.9%, and vehicle thefts were up 3.6% in 2012.[24] At the end of 2017, St. Louis had 205 murders, up 9% from 2016.[3]

Policing

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Law enforcement in the metropolitan area is provided by a variety of municipal and county police departments and by federal agencies. In the city of St. Louis, the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department provides police service,[25] while the city sheriff's department provides courtroom protection services, serves eviction notices, and transports prisoners between courts and jails within the city.[26] In St. Louis County, 67 police departments, including the St. Louis County Police Department, provide police services, while the county also maintains a sheriff's office for courtroom services and civil actions.[27] Nearby counties such as St. Charles County have both municipal police departments and a county-wide sheriff that provide police services. The Missouri State Highway Patrol maintains a troop servicing the region with its headquarters in St. Charles County. An FBI field office is located in the city of St. Louis, while the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives maintains a group supervisor office in the city under the direction of the Kansas City Field Division.

In 1994, Morgan Quitno (a private research and publishing company purchased by CQ Press in 2007) began publishing reports that named St. Louis City among the "most dangerous" cities in the United States. Although the methodology for the reports changed during the 1990s, St. Louis retained its ranking in the top ten most dangerous cities, and it was named the most dangerous city in the United States three times, most recently in 2010.

"Most Dangerous" ranking of St. Louis (1994–2012)
Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ranking[28][29] 2 3 3 8 5 5 3 3 3 1 2 4 3 1 4 2 1 ? 4

For the two years that it was ranked by CQ Press (in 2008 and 2009), the City of St. Louis alone ranked considerably more dangerous than the St. Louis metropolitan statistical area.[citation needed]

St. Louis's ranking has not been without controversy; University of Missouri–St. Louis professors and criminologists Richard Rosenfeld and Janet Lauritsen criticized the rankings for their lack of transparency and their over-reliance on Uniform Crime Reports as data sources.[30] They argue that the rankings are not meaningful indicators of risk of victimization, as certain factors such as age, lifestyle, and neighborhood play a significant role in crime risk.[30]

Upon St. Louis's ranking as most dangerous city in 2010, the administration of Washington University in St. Louis criticized the rankings as flawed, and representatives for St. Louis Mayor Francis G. Slay noted that crime in the city decreased each year since 2007 and criticized the report for not including regional crime information.[31]

In 2014, St. Louis was ranked as the 19th most dangerous city in the world by the Mexican aid organization CCSP-JP (El Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad Publica y la Justicia Penal).[32]

As of 2017, St. Louis is ranked as the most dangerous city in America. There were 66 homicides per 100,000 residents. This rate is more than 10 times the national homicide rate.[33]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ FBI 2011 UCR data for Crime in the United States by Community Type
  2. ^ "Millennials really like St Louis". The Economist. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Focused police presence in north St. Louis, better relationships with protesters among new chief's goals". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 3, 2018.
  4. ^ "Year's Crime: During 1894 There Were 80 Homicides in St. Louis". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 1, 1895. ProQuest 579190669.
  5. ^ "Homicide Record for 1911 Appalling" (PDF). New York Times. October 3, 1912.
  6. ^ F.L. Hoffman (December 21, 1916). "The Homicide Record of American Cities for 1915". The Spectator.
  7. ^ "Judge Mistaken as to St. Louis Murders". The St. Louis Post-Dispatch. April 13, 1922. ProQuest 578872202.
  8. ^ "Libeling St. Louis". The St. Louis Post-Dispatch. June 9, 1922. ProQuest 578418479.
  9. ^ a b c d Bogan, Jesse (January 20, 2011). "Police say St. Louis crime numbers lowest since 1967". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis.
  10. ^ The police departments that reported data included those of Arnold, Ballwin, Bella Villa, Bellefontaine Neighbors, Bellerive, Bel-Nor, Bel-Ridge, Berkeley, Beverly Hills, Breckenridge Hills, Brentwood, Bridgeton, Calverton Park, Charlack, Chesterfield, Clayton, Cool Valley, Country Club Hills, Crestwood, Creve Coeur, Dellwood, Des Peres, Edmundson, Ellisville, Eureka, Ferguson, Flordell Hills, Florissant, Frontenac (includes Huntleigh and Westwood), Glendale, Glen Echo Park, Greendale, Hazelwood, Hillsdale, Jennings, Kirkwood, Ladue, Manchester, Maplewood, Maryland Heights, (includes Champ), Moline Acres, Northwoods, Norwood, Oakland, Olivette, Overland (includes Sycamore Hills), Pacific, Pagedale, Pasadena Park, Pine Lawn, Richmond Heights, Riverview, Rock Hill, Shrewsbury (includes Mackenzie), St. Ann, St. John, Sunset Hills, Town and Country, University City, Uplands Park, Velda City, Velda Village Hills, Vinita Park, Warson Woods, Webster Groves, Woodson Terrace, and St. Louis County Police (includes unincorporated St. Louis County, Blackjack, Clarkson Valley, Fenton, Grantwood Village, Green Park, Hanley Hills, Kinloch, Marlborough, Norwood Court, Pasadena Hills, St. George, Twin Oaks, Valley Park, Vinita Terrace, Wilbur Park, Wildwood, and Winchester).
  11. ^ Index crimes for 2010 included homicide/non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, vehicle theft, and arson.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g For 1934 to 2016, data is from FBI Uniform Crime Reports for the United States (1930–2016). For 1930 to 1959, see ICPSR at the University of Michigan
  13. ^ "Uniform Crime Reports United States, 1930-1959: ASCII Data Files". archive.ph. The Regents of the University of Michigan. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. ^ "UCR Publications". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  15. ^ For 2009, UCR data does not include forcible rapes for Greater St. Louis
  16. ^ The population figure shown for St. Louis County is the population of St. Louis County minus that of the three municipalities did not report crime statistics to the FBI in 2009.
  17. ^ a b "Crime in the United States 2014". FBI Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  18. ^ Prior to 1973, larceny of property worth less than $50 was not included in index crime totals but was reported to the FBI; however, the number here includes all reported larcenies. Prior to 1979, arson was not included in index crime totals and was not reported to the FBI. Prior to 1979, non-negligent manslaughter was not included in index crime totals but was reported to the FBI; however, the number here includes all reported murders and non-negligent manslaughters.
  19. ^ For 1931 and 1932, data is from "Nation Still Leads in Homicide Record". New York Times. April 8, 1932.
  20. ^ For 1933, data is from "Homicide Record Remains at Peak". New York Times. March 30, 1933.
  21. ^ a b "Crime in the United States 2015". FBI Uniform Crime Reports.
  22. ^ a b "STLMPD Crime Statistics 2015" (PDF).
  23. ^ a b "Crime in the United States 2016". FBI Uniform Crime Reports.
  24. ^ a b c d "St. Louis city, county police report overall crime down in 2012". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. January 17, 2013.
  25. ^ St. Louis City Police Department Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ St. Louis City Sheriff's Office
  27. ^ "St. Louis County Sheriff's Office". Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
  28. ^ For each year, data used in the ranking is from the previous year.
  29. ^ Morgan Quitno/CQ Press (1994–2010).
  30. ^ a b Richard Rosenfeld; Rachel Lauritsen (2008). "The Most Dangerous Crime Rankings". Contexts. 7 (1): 66–67. doi:10.1525/ctx.2008.7.1.66. S2CID 62063160. Retrieved 2011-07-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Merlin, Michelle (1 December 2010). "St. Louis ranked again as most dangerous city". Student Life (Washington University in St. Louis). St. Louis.
  32. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-01-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  33. ^ "The most dangerous cities in America, ranked". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
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