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Croatia–France relations

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The foreign relations between Croatia and France are bound together by shared history, political development, geography, religion and cultural commonalities. With an extensive history between the two states, modern relations commenced in 1992, following the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the independence of Croatia. Relations are warm and friendly with robust bilateral collaboration.[1][2] The two nations have strong connectivity through tourism, immigration, foreign aid, and economic mutualism.

Croatia–France relations
Map indicating locations of Croatia and France

Croatia
France
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Croatia in Paris, FranceEmbassy of France in Zagreb, Croatia
Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović and French president Emmanuel Macron holding hands in solidarity after the 2018 World Cup Final between the two states.

French interests in Croatia are centered on the state's stabilizing influence in Southeast Europe and extending the global reach of jointly-held Western ideals. They are close military allies and members of NATO. Croatia was part of France during the early 1800s as the Illyrian Provinces under the First French Empire.[3][4] They maintain multiple free-trade agreements between themselves in the Eurozone and share the euro (€) currency.

They share Roman Catholicism as a major religion, football as a national sport, and tri-color flags. Both countries are members the European Union, United Nations, and the World Trade Organization. France maintains an embassy in Zagreb with Croatia holding an embassy in Paris;[5][6] there are also a French consulate in Split, Croatia and Croatian consulates in Lyon and Toulouse.[7][8][9]

History

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Croatia was part of France during the First French Empire, mapped in 1811.

The connection between France and Croatia began with the spread of monasteries in Croatia by French Benedictine monks during the 800s and early 900s.[10] Religious diffusion between the two regions began with France's influence on Croatian Catholicism.[10] In 925, Croatia was elevated to the status of Kingdom and the notions of nobility quickly followed.[10] Over the coming centuries Croatian nobility assumed French practices to great controversy.[10] This contributed to wide spread political and social elitism among the nobles and monarch. The nobility regarded the peasant class as an unseen and irrelevant substrata of people which lead to high causality revolts and beheadings as well as sporadic periods of intense domestic violence.[10] This strained ties with French culture and lead the people of Croatia to denounce French elitism. In 1040, French liturgical books and reliquaries were brought to Zagreb to create its first Diocese.[10]

French historian of the Fourth Crusade, Geoffroi de Villehardouin, described in Old French Zagreb as "one of the best fortified cities in the world" later adding "that no more beautiful, stronger nor richer city could be found."[3] During the 14th century, French began to be diffused into Croatian society starting in Zagreb.[10] Many of the Croatian elite studied at the French Sorbonne during the later 15th century and influenced the political landscape of the country for decades to come. One of the most prominent members was Saro Gučetić, who, upon request of the French King Francis I with Suleiman the Magnificent, negotiated secret pacts with neighboring countries.[3] The expansion of literature in France during the early 16th century lead to many Croatian writers to be translated into French for the public.[3] The first diplomatic relation between France and Croatia was the establishment of a consulate in Dubrovnik. The growing connection between the two countries was known as the frančezarije, and was formalized with the first French Masonic lodge in Croatia. As the 1789 French Revolution progressed, the ideas of enlightenment deeply influenced Croatian society, which lead to the creation of Jacobin clubs in Zagreb and Dubrovnik.[3]

During the expansion of Napoleon Bonaparte's First French Empire, large parts of Croatia were controlled by the French leading to the creation of the Illyrian Provinces.[3] In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte and his administration established this territory in Ljubljana (Laybach) as an extension against the Austrian Empire in what mostly comprised modern day Croatia and parts of Slovenia. The provinces had four governors during its existence: Auguste de Marmont, Henri Gatien Bertrand, Jean-Andoche Junot, and Joseph Fouché.[3] During French rule the official languages of the autonomous province were French, Croatian, Italian, German, and Slovene. Although the French did not entirely abolish the feudal system,[3] their rule familiarized in more detail the inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces with the achievements of the French Revolution and with contemporary bourgeois society.[3] They introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the church (the introduction of the civil wedding, keeping civil registration of births etc.), and nationalized the judiciary. The occupants made all the citizens theoretically equal under the law for the first time.[3]

French rule in the Illyrian Provinces was short-lived, yet it significantly contributed to greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms, especially in the Slavic nations as exampled in post Yugoslavian independence Croatia, and Slovenia. The influence of the Illyrian Territories and the rejection of Austrian rule, has prompted a French cultural diffusion and national appreciation in certain areas of the countries that made up the providences that last to this day. In Croatia, the cities and towns of Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Zadar, and Velika Gorica have distinct French and Illyrian customs that remain a remnant of 19th century French rule.[11] In Slovenia and Montenegro, streets and small regions are named after governors of the providences and Bonaparte.[3] During this time the spread of Illyrian movement was expansive in France and lead to the creation of the seminal work: Les peuples de l’Autriche et de la Turquie; histoire contemporaine des Illyriens, des Magyars, des Roumains et des Polonais, which served as an "introductory study on Croatia and the Illyrian Movement."[3] During the 1860s, the Croatian school system began to introduce French as a language of study and formally integrated into the national curriculum in 1876.[3] French writer Émile Zola–a descendant of Zadar–was one of the most prominent writers of this movement.[3]

 
Croatian Prime Minister Tihomir Orešković meets with his French counterparty Manuel Valls, 2017

During the later 1950s, the capital of Croatia became a cultural center mostly due to the fact that Yugoslavia was not aligned with any sovereign. French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Zagreb in 1960 and met with prominent Croatian writers and philosophers.[3] With the collapse of Yugoslavia, Croatia struggled to be internationally recognized. French intellectuals such as Mirko Dražen Grmek–a native Croat and naturalized Frenchman–helped attract high-profile French figures to recognize Croatia.[3]

France recognized Croatia on 15 January 1992 and established diplomatic relations three months later.[1] President of Croatia Ivo Josipović was invited by Francois Hollande to celebrate the National Day of France in July 2013.[1] Minister of State for European Affairs Harlem Désir visited Croatia on July 14, 2015 to celebrate French Independence Day and met with Prime Minister Zoran Milanović.[1]

After the 2022 Tu-141 drone crash in Zagreb, France dispatched two fighter jets from aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle in a show of military strength for Croatia.[12][13]

Economic relations

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The two states share euro currency through with their memberships of the European Union and Eurozone. French companies tend to develop the transport infrastructure sectors in Croatia.[1] The construction of the Zagreb Airport through the Bouygues-Aéroports de Paris (ADP) investment of €250-€300 in 2012 substantially increased the public perception of France in Croatia.[1] Their trading agreement and activity reached a market value of €535 million in 2015 (+16.3% compared to 2014).[1] France accounted for 2.3% of Croatia's total trade in 2014, making it the 10th largest trading partner. French exports to Croatia amounted to €364 million in 2015 (+17% compared to 2014) which marks a sharp increase from the previous five years of stagnation and decline.[1] Croatia supplied €171.3 million worth of imports to France in 2015. France is the seventh-largest investor in Croatia with annual investments of €651 million in FDI.[1]

Political and diplomatic activity

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The two countries have inter-parliamentary exchanges. In 2009, Croatia served as a temporary member of the United Nations Security Council with France.[14][15][16] France created Croatia's "administrative adaptation processes" that helped it become the 28th EU state.[1] In January 2013, Croatia's EU Treaty was ratified by the French Parliament.[1] French Minister Delegate for European Affairs Thierry Repentin visited Zagreb in 2013 in support of its membership in the EU.[1] After the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks the government of Croatia made November 16, 2015 a national mourning day in the country and flew their flags half mast.[17] Croatian Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic marched in Paris with the "March for Democracy" to grieve the victims.[18]

Sister cities

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Main articles: List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia and List of twin towns and sister cities in France
 
French prime minister François Fillon (left), with his Croatian counterpart Ivo Sanader (right), 2008

Croatia and France share five twin towns and sister cities between themselves.

The French government expressed interest in May 2017 of "twinning" with the following Croatian cities:[1]

Sports rivalry

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The 2018 World Cup Final is seen as the pinnacle of their football rivalry.

The football teams of France and of Croatia began competing against each other in a series of friendly exhibition games, but since 1998 their encounters have become increasingly competitive.[19] As both countries have the red-white-blue tricolor, matches between the two are nicknamed Le derby tricolore ("Tricolor Derby") or Trobojnica ("Tricolor" game). During the 1998 World Cup, both France and Croatia reached their then-pinnacle of international prowess after the former won the tournament after defeating the latter who took third place. Twenty years later, the two teams battled the 2018 World Cup final where France overcame Croatia 4–2 to secure the trophy.[20][21] Similarly to 1998, the match with France elevated Croatia to its highest-ever ranking with runners-up positioning. The two teams have competed against each other six times with France winning four matches, and drawing two.[19]

The national tennis teams of Croatia and of France contested the 2018 Davis Cup final with Croatia winning its second title.[22]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  • Croatia has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Zagreb.
  •  
    Embassy of Croatia in Paris
  •  
    Embassy of France in Zagreb

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "France and Croatia". France Diplomatie :: Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  2. ^ "PM Milanovic: Croatia forever with France in terms of values". vlada.gov.hr. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Croatian-French relations". Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  4. ^ Frucht 2005, p. 433
  5. ^ "Embassy of Croatia in Paris, France". www.embassypages.com. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  6. ^ "Embassy of France in Zagreb, Croatia". www.embassypages.com. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  7. ^ https://www.embassypages.com/france-consulate-split-croatia [bare URL]
  8. ^ https://www.embassypages.com/croatia-consulate-lyon-france [bare URL]
  9. ^ https://www.embassypages.com/croatia-consulate-toulouse-france [bare URL]
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Croatia in Europe Through the Ages: Croatian-French relations". croatia.eu. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  11. ^ Malkovic, Goran (2011). Francuski utjecaj. Sveučilišna knjižnica Split. pp. 17, 21, 38.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ "United States Air Force F-16s from Italy support NATO's collective defence in Croatia". ac.nato.int. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  13. ^ "Rafalei i MiG-ovi proletjeli nad Zagrebom" [Rafales and MiGs flew over Zagreb]. index.hr. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  14. ^ "Membership of the United Nations Security Council by Country". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  15. ^ "Croatia". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  16. ^ "MVEP • CROATIA AND THE SECURITY COUNCIL". www.mvep.hr. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  17. ^ "Croatia declares Nov 16 day of mourning for Paris attack victims". vlada.gov.hr. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  18. ^ "Prime Minister Milanovic at the March for Democracy in Paris". vlada.gov.hr. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
  19. ^ a b Kennedy, Paul. "France-Croatia: Three things to know about the rivalry". Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  20. ^ Gregory, Sean (11 July 2018). "32 Teams Entered, 2 Remain. Your Ultimate Guide to the World Cup Final". Time. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  21. ^ Mather, Andrew Das and Victor (14 July 2018). "France, the Class of the World Cup, Brings Home the Trophy". Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  22. ^ Briggs, Simon (25 November 2018). "Croatia win Davis Cup final as defeated France bemoan future of competition". The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 July 2019.

Further reading

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