Ageratina adenophora (synonym Eupatorium adenophorum), commonly known as Crofton weed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to Mexico and Central America. Originally grown as an ornamental plant, it has become invasive into farmland and bushland worldwide. It is toxic to horses, which develop a respiratory disease known as Numinbah horse sickness after eating it.
| Crofton weed | |
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| Crofton weed | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Ageratina |
| Species: | A. adenophora
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| Binomial name | |
| Ageratina adenophora | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Taxonomy
editAgeratina adenophora is known by many common names, including eupatory, sticky eupatorium,[2] sticky snakeroot, thoroughwort, and Mexican devil.
Description
editAgeratina adenophora is a perennial herbaceous shrub that may grow to 1 or 2 metres (3.3 or 6.6 ft) high. It has opposite trowel-shaped serrated leaves that are 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) long by 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) in width. The small compound flowers occur in late spring and summer, and are found in clusters at the end of branches. Each flowerhead is up to 0.5 cm in the diameter and creamy white. Each small flower is followed by a small brown seed with a white feathery "parachute" that can be dispersed by the wind similar to a dandelion.[3]
Distribution and habitat
editIt is native to Mexico, but it is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It has caused great economic loss in agriculture in southwestern China, and is threatening the native biodiversity there. It was first inadvertently introduced to Yunnan around 1940, and its rapid spread is due in part to its allelopathic competition with other plant species.[4] It also a weed in Australia, where it was introduced to Sydney in 1904. It has spread along the coastline of New South Wales and southern Queensland.[3] It is rated a Class 4 Noxious Weed under the NSW Noxious Weeds Act of 1993.
Ageratina adenophora has also spread in Hawaii and the mainland United States, where it is recognised as a weed in ten states of the South and Southwest.[5]
Elsewhere it is an invasive species in many tropical and subtropical countries, including northeastern India, China, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, the Canary Islands, Portugal (including the Azores and Madeira islands) and South Africa.[5][6][7][8][9][10]
The plant can spread vegetatively (i.e., the stems can sprout roots and grow upon contact with earth). The seed is also carried by the wind or water and readily colonises disturbed areas, such as fields and areas near human habitation. Seed may also be transported on animals and in soil.[3]
Galls
editThis species is host to the following insect induced gall:
- Procecidochares utilis Stone, 1947 Eupatorium Gall Fly that produces a stem gall (see image).
Toxicity
editCrofton weed is toxic to livestock. Ongoing consumption of crofton weed by horses leads to chronic lung disease, known as Numinbah Horse Sickness or Tallebudgera Horse Disease in northern New South Wales and Queensland. Outbreaks occurred in Hawaii in the 1920s, and subsequently in eastern Australia and Northland in New Zealand. There are reports of farms losing all their horses to the condition. It is typified by impaired ability to work or exercise and emphysema. Pathological findings include pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and alveolar epithelisation.[11]
Etymology
editAgeratina is derived from Greek meaning 'un-aging', in reference to the flowers keeping their color for a long time. This name was used by Dioscorides for a number of different plants.[12]
References
edit- ^ "Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.". The Global Compositae Checklist (GCC) – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ "STICKY EUPATORIUM" (PDF). The Plants: How to Remove Bay Area Weeds.
- ^ a b c Wolff, Mark A. (1999). Winning the war of Weeds: The Essential Gardener's Guide to Weed Identification and Control. Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-86417-993-6.
- ^ Baruah, N. C.; Sarma, J. C.; Sarma, S.; Sharma, R. P. "Seed germination and growth inhibitory cadinenes from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng". J. Chem. Ecol. 1994, 20, 1885–1892.
- ^ a b NRCS. "Ageratina adenophora". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ "Ageratina adenophora". University of California website. University of California. Archived from the original on 2006-06-18. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ Cronk, Q. C. B. & Fuller, J. L. (1995) Plant invaders: the threat to natural ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, London
- ^ Wang, R. & Wang, Y.-Z. (2006) Invasion dynamics and potential spread of the invasive alien plant species Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) in China. Diversity and Distributions, 12, 397-408.
- ^ Lalith Gunasekera, “Alien plants invasion in Horton Plains”, Sri Lanka Guardian, 23.9.2011 Accessed 19.6.2016.
- ^ "Decreto-Lei n.º 92/2019, Artigo 17º: Lista Nacional de Espécies Invasoras". Diário da República. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ^ Oelrichs PB, Calanasan CA, MacLeod JK, Seawright AA, Ng JC (1995). "Isolation of a compound from Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] causing hepatotoxicity in mice". Natural Toxins. 3 (5): 350–54. doi:10.1002/nt.2620030505. PMID 8581319.
- ^ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 39
External links
edit- Ageratina adenophora in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley