The Cure Salée (French: "Salt Cure"), or "Festival of the Nomads", is a yearly gathering of the Tuareg and Wodaabe peoples in the northern Niger town of In-Gall. The ceremony marks the end of the rainy season, and usually occurs in the last two weeks of September. The government of Niger began sponsoring the festival in the 1990s, fixing its date for each year (in 2006: September 11), its duration (three days), and bringing in dignitaries, performers, and tourists.
Traditions
editThe end of the rainy season is an especially important event in the lives of Saharan pastoralists. Tuareg clans gather at the salt flats and pools near Ingall to refresh their cattle and goat herds, and to prepare for the trip further south so they can survive the dry season. The Cure Salée is also believed to benefit the local people, and medicinal cures are a major part of the festival.
However, the Cure Salée is as just as important as a social gathering. After a season in dispersed clan groups, there's the chance to share news, trade, and renew friendships both within and across ethnic lines.
For Tuareg and Wodaabe peoples, Cure Salée marks the time of traditional courtship and marriage. The most famous images of the festival are Wodaabe tradition of Gerewol, in which young men vie for the attention of women seeking husbands. Organized dances and tests of skill culminate in men donning traditional costume, headdress, and elaborate makeup.
Amongst the Tuareg peoples, women seek for the attention of marriageable men, while men of all ages show off their skills as riders, artists, dancers, musicians and craftsmen. A great parade of Tuareg camel riders opens the festival, which continues with races, songs, dances, and storytelling. While the official festival is limited to three days, the festivities can last for weeks while nomadic groups remain in the area.
Changes
editWhile the Cure Salée has been taking place for several hundred years, independence from France in 1960 brought the involvement of the central government from Niamey, and the attempt to formalise it as a national festival and tourist attraction. During the last in a long line of Tuareg insurgencies (See: Tuareg Rebellion) against the central government, from 1990-1995, InGall was a prime fortification of the Niger armed forces, and no official Cure Salee was held. In September 2000, a "Flamme du Paix" ceremonial 'Burning of Weapons'[1] by the rebel and government forces in Agadez forced the first Cure Salée following the final peace deals[2] to be hastily rescheduled.[3]
On September 17, 2001, a much publicized Tuareg memorial was held for the victims of the 9/11 attacks in the United States.
In recent years, the Niger government has tried to promote the Cure Salée, creating a tourist festival (sponsored by large international corporations like Coca-Cola) for western visitors, and using the cross-ethnic traditions of the Cure Salée to foster "a celebration of social cohesion in Niger".[4] This aspect has come to the fore following 2000. Official involvement also has brought a greater emphasis on culture common to the rest of Niger: electric pop bands, beauty contests, and the sometimes forced ending of other rituals. In 2005, armed Niger Army troops enforced a ban on a traditional dance that emulates self-mutilation.
One Wodaabe man was quoted by the AFP:
It is more and more of a circus. The government sets the date artificially, decides who gets to perform, and creates a structure none of us understand.
The [UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS], UNICEF, and the Niger government have begun using Cure Salée to provide aid in stemming HIV infection, and as well as malaria, guinea worm, malnutrition and encourage the use of vaccines to control preventable diseases. Vaccines and treatment of livestock, many bound for more heavily populated southern Niger, have also been mandated by the government. The 2004-2006 drought and famine in much of Niger has also focused attention on food aid at the Cure Salée.[4]
References
edit- ^ BBC News Monday, 25 September, 2000, 16:03 GMT. Niger destroys arms to celebrate peace.
- ^ BBC News, Monday, 23 March, 1998, 19:22 GMT. Niger rebel groups disarm.
- ^ "Peace Corps Adventures: in the Sahara By J. R. Bullington, 2001". Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
- ^ a b A nomad's life Archived 2006-11-10 at the Wayback Machine AFP wire article on political tensions at the festival in 2005.
Sources
edit- (in French)www.agadez-niger.com.
- (in French)niger-tourisme.com[permanent dead link]
- Ingal at virtualtourist.com Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, First hand accounts from visitors to the 2005 festival, with photographs.
- NIGER: Traditional chiefs agree to spread HIV/AIDS messages United Nations article on the UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) involvement at 2003 festival.
- A nomad's life AFP wire article on political tensions at the festival in 2005.
- Carol Beckwith, Angela Fisher, Nomads of Niger, ISBN 0-8109-8125-4. Western photographers book on the Wodaabe people, featuring photographs of the Gerewol ceremony at Cure Salée.
- rosemarysheel.com: Photos of the Gerewol
- projectexploration.org: Archived 2002-03-15 at the Wayback Machine on the Gerewol
- intou.org: Intou
- United States Peace Corps witness to Peace Ceremonies ending Tuareg insurgency in Agadez And the Cure Salee. Peace Corps Adventures: in the Sahara By J. R. Bullington, 2001 and here Archived 2018-04-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- Times Online (London) July 04, 2004[dead link]: Niger's dandy Gerewol festival: "Superficial, sexy, superb: at Niger’s Gerewol festival, physical beauty is all that counts, says Iain Gately
- Festival of the Nomads - Cure Salée Experience and photos of Cure Salée