2016 Cypriot legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Cyprus on 22 May 2016 to elect 56 of the 80 Members of the House of Representatives.

2016 Cypriot legislative election

← 2011 22 May 2016 2021 →

56 of 80 seats in the House of Representatives
  First party Second party Third party
 
Averof Neophytou 2009.jpg
Andros-Kyprianou-2011.jpg
Nikolas Papadopoulos.jpg
Leader Averof Neophytou Andros Kyprianou Nikolas Papadopoulos
Party DISY AKEL DIKO
Leader since 2013 2009 2013
Last election 20 seats, 34.3% 19 seats, 32.7% 9 seats, 15.8%
Seats won 18 16 9
Seat change Decrease 2 Decrease 3 Steady 0
Popular vote 107,825 90,204 50,923
Percentage 30.7% 25.7% 14.5%
Swing Decrease 3.6pp Decrease 7.0pp Decrease 1.3pp

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Επίσκεψη ΥΠΕΞ Ν. Κοτζιά στην Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Λευκωσία, 26-28.10.2015) (21897204854) (cropped).jpg
Giorgos Lillikas Senate of Poland.JPG
Eleni Theocharous (cropped).jpg
Leader Marinos Sizopoulos Giorgos Lillikas Eleni Theocharous
Party EDEK SYPOL Solidarity
Leader since 2015 2013 2016
Last election 5 seats, 8.9% Did not stand Did not stand
Seats won 3 3 3
Seat change Decrease 2 Increase 3 Increase 1
Popular vote 21,732 21,114 18,424
Percentage 6.2% 6.0% 5.2%
Swing Decrease 2.7pp Increase 6.0pp Increase 5.2pp

  Seventh party Eighth party
 
George Perdikes in 2015.jpg
Christos Christou (2023-01-13).jpg
Leader George Perdikes Christos Christou
Party KOSP ELAM
Leader since 2011 2008
Last election 1 seat, 2.2% 0 seats, 1.1%
Seats won 2 2
Seat change Increase 1 Increase 2
Popular vote 16,909 13,041
Percentage 4.8% 3.7%
Swing Increase 2.6pp Increase 2.6pp

Results by district

President of the House of Representatives before election

Yiannakis Omirou
EDEK

Elected President of the House of Representatives

Demetris Syllouris
Solidarity

Results by locality.

Political system

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The Republic of Cyprus is a unitary republic with a presidential system of government. The President of Cyprus, directly elected in the middle of the legislative term, is both head of state and head of government, presiding over the executive Council of Ministers. The multi-member proportional elections to the House of Representatives however accommodate a multi-party system, where the elected president's party usually joins forces with smaller parties to form a joint coalition government that usually adapts to parliamentary shifts after legislative elections.

Electoral system

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The 80 seats in the House of Representatives are elected from six multi-member constituencies, with the number of seats allocated according to the population of each area. Of the 80 seats, 56 are elected by Greek Cypriots and 24 by Turkish Cypriots. However, due to the partition of the island in 1974, the 24 Turkish Cypriot seats are unfilled and the House of Representatives has de facto had 56 seats since its enlargement in the 1980s.

The elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the Hare quota. Any remaining seats are allocated to lists that won at least one seat or parties that received at least 3.6% of the vote.[1] In the open list system, voters first select the list they want to vote for, and then select a number of candidates equal to a quarter of the number of seats in the constituency. Party leaders or other candidates heading coalitions are not required to receive preferential votes to be elected.[2] Although compulsory voting had not been formally abolished at the time the elections took place (it was abolished in 2017), the law had not been enforced for years.[3]

Background

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2011

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The previous legislative election took place on 22 May 2011. President Demetris Christofias of the communist Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL) had led a coalition consisting of his party as well as the centrist Democratic Party (DIKO) and the social-democratic Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK) since his election in 2008.

After three years in power, AKEL scored 32.7% in the 2011 legislative elections, narrowly behind the opposition center-right Democratic Rally, which polled 34.3% of votes. Meanwhile, AKEL's partners DIKO and EDEK scored 15.8% and 8.9% respectively. A mere two months after the legislative election, the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion took place, triggering calls for President Christofias' resignation.

2013

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Amidst widespread dissatisfaction and a deepening economic crisis, Christofias announced that he would not run for a second term in the presidential election in 2013.[4] Ultimately, Nicos Anastasiades of DISY emerged victorious in the presidential election, taking 45.5% of the vote, against 26.9% for the AKEL-backed Stavros Malas and the EDEK-backed Giorgos Lillikas. In the second round, Anastasiades captured 57.5% to 42.5% for Malas. The Anastasiades administration took office on 28 February 2013, comprising DISY, DIKO and the European Party (EVROKO). The Democrats later pulled out of the coalition, however.[5]

2014

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Roughly a year into the presidency of Nicos Anastasiades, the Cypriot parties faced the electorate in European Parliament elections. Ahead of the election, DISY and EVROKO announced that they would participate in the election on a joint ticket; the social democrats in EDEK and the Ecological and Environmental Movement (KOP) also formed an electoral pact for the event. With the economic problems the country faced under Demetris Christofias' AKEL-led government fresh in the minds of voters, the party plummeted to 27.0% of the vote, a loss of 8.4% points. Meanwhile, the DISY-EVROKO pact garnered 37.8%. This election also served as the first electoral test of the Citizens' Alliance (SYPOL) party of former presidential candidate Giorgos Lillikas, which polled 6.8% but failed to win seats in the European Parliament. The decline of AKEL and the rise of anti-establishment parties continued into 2015 and 2016.[6]

2016

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Mere months before the 2016 legislative election, ex-DISY MEP Eleni Theocharous launched a splinter party, in opposition to Anastasiades' approach to the Cyprus issue.[7] She advocated for tighter co-operation with other parties particularly DIKO and EDEK. The new party was dubbed the Solidarity Movement. On 11 March 2016, it was announced that EVROKO would merge into the new party, placing its candidates on its lists in the upcoming elections.[8]

Parties and leaders

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Party Ideology Leader
Democratic Rally (DISY) Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy Averof Neophytou
Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL) Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Cypriot nationalism Andros Kyprianou
Democratic Party (DIKO) Greek Cypriot nationalism, Centrism Nikolas Papadopoulos
Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK) Greek Cypriot nationalism, Social democracy Marinos Sizopoulos
Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Cooperation (KOSP) Green politics, Social democracy George Perdikes
National Popular Front (ELAM) Ultranationalism Christos Christou
Citizens' Alliance (SYPOL) Populism, Social democracy Giorgos Lillikas
Solidarity Movement (KA) National conservatism, Euroscepticism Eleni Theocharous

Electoral campaigns

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A televised debate of DISY leader Averof Neophytou, AKEL leader Andros Kyprianou and DIKO leader Nicolas Papadopoulos on 18 May 2016 turned into a heated exchange on economy issues and the question of reunification. Papadopoulos claimed that "behind closed doors", AKEL was trying to resurrect the 2004 Annan plan that was turned down by the Greek side in a referendum. While Neophytou and Papadopoulos criticized AKEL's judgment of the economic situation ahead of the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, Kyprianou recalled his two rivals' assessments at that time. Back then in October 2008, Neophytou had expected things to go "very well", though "based on overconsumption", while Papadopoulos had gone even further off the mark stating: "Yes, our economy will be impacted, but certainly not our financial system, which is one of the most resilient in the world."[9]

Opinion polls

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Date Polling Firm DISY AKEL DIKO EDEK EVROKO KOP ELAM SYPOL KA Others Lead
13 May 2016 Symmetron / Marc 31.8 26.0 13.7 5.7 with KA 5.2 3.3 6.1 5.6 2.6 5.8
5–11 May 2016 Cypronetwork 32.2 25.5 14.2 5.7 with KA 5.4 3.2 6.1 4.2 3.5 6.7
5–10 May 2016 IMR 35.8 29.2 13.1 5.1 with KA 4.4 2.2 5.1 5.1 0.0 6.6
4–7 May 2016 PMR & C 31.5 24.9 14.3 6.0 with KA 4.4 3.3 6.6 4.3 4.7 6.6
26 Apr–3 May 2016 IMR 31.7 26.6 13.7 6.3 with KA 4.8 2.0 6.7 6.3 2.0 5.1
14–20 Apr 2016 IMR 33.8 26.2 12.7 6.2 with KA 4.0 2.7 6.6 5.3 2.5 7.6
8–18 Apr 2016 IMR 35.1 25.4 13.4 6.7 with KA 4.5 2.2 6.0 4.5 2.2 9.7
16 April 2016 Kathimerini 34.7 24.0 14.1 6.1 with KA 5.3 2.9 7.3 3.8 1.8 10.7
11–16 Apr 2016 PMR & C 31.9 24.8 13.8 6.0 with KA 4.7 2.6 6.8 4.4 5.0 7.1
3 April 2016 IMR 37.0 27.8 11.1 5.6 with KA 3.7 1.9 7.4 3.7 1.8 9.2
14–19 Mar 2016 PMR & C 31.9 25.9 12.8 6.3 with KA 5.0 2.5 6.5 4.4 4.7 6.0
25 Feb–2 Mar 2016 IMR 33.1 25.5 10.0 5.5 1.7 4.1 2.8 6.4 6.6 4.3 7.6
15–19 Feb 2016 PMR & C 34.0 24.7 13.7 6.0 2.1 4.6 3.3 6.2 5.4 9.3
13–17 Jul 2015 GPO 33.1 30.8 12.5 7.2 1.5 3.0 1.8 7.8 2.3 2.3
22 May Election 2011 34.3 32.7 15.8 8.9 3.9 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.6

Exit polls

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Election day exit polls[10]
TV channel DISY AKEL DIKO EDEK KOP KA SYPOL ELAM
CyBC 29.5 – 32.5 26.5–29.5 12–14 5–7 4–5 4–7 5–7 3.5–4.5
ANT1 29.5 – 33.5 25.5–29.5 12.5 –14.5 5.3–6.7 3.3–4.7 3.8–5.2 4.5–5.7 3.5–4.5
MEGA 30.5 – 33.5 26–29 11.5–14 4.5–6.6 3.5–4.5 3.5–4.5 4.5–6.6 2.5–4.5
Sigma 29 – 34 24–29 12–15 4–6.5 3.5–6 4.5–7 4.5–7 3–5.5

Results

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PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Democratic Rally107,82530.6918–2
Progressive Party of Working People90,20425.6716–3
Democratic Party50,92314.4990
Movement for Social Democracy21,7326.183–2
Citizens' Alliance21,1146.013New
Solidarity Movement18,4245.243New
Movement of Ecologists – Citizens' Cooperation16,9094.812+1
National Popular Front13,0413.712+2
Animal Party Cyprus4,0881.160New
People's Breath3,0720.870New
Flag Social Movement2,0330.580New
Union of Fighters for Justice9830.280New
Independents1,0410.3000
Total351,389100.00560
Valid votes351,38996.92
Invalid/blank votes11,1533.08
Total votes362,542100.00
Registered voters/turnout543,18666.74
Source: Ministry of Interior

By district

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Constituency
DISY AKEL DIKO EDEK Citizens' Alliance Solidarity Movement Greens ELAM Others T/o
# % S # % S # % S # % S # % S # % S # % S # % S # % S
Nicosia 35,867 29.25 6 29,288 23.89 5 16,323 13.31 3 8,301 6.77 1 7,457 6.08 1 6,919 5.64 1 9,096 7.42 2 4,265 3.48 1 5,086 4.15 0 65.50
Kyrenia 5,195 28.60 2 4,692 25.83 1 3,511 19.33 0 789 4.34 0 1,153 6.35 0 645 3.55 0 911 5.01 0 594 3.27 0 676 3.72 0 65.57
Famagusta 27,538 38.24 4 22,098 30.69 3 6,480 9.00 1 2,663 3.70 0 3,359 4.66 1 2,888 4.01 1 2,464 3.42 0 2,596 3.60 1 1,929 2.68 0 67.14
Larnaca 10,449 28.38 2 10,811 29.36 2 5,776 15.69 2 2,280 6.19 0 2,038 5.54 0 2,077 5.64 0 1,080 2.93 0 1,205 3.27 0 1,104 3.00 0 67.94
Limassol 21,876 30.48 3 17,893 24.93 4 11,533 16.07 2 3,077 4.29 1 5,184 7.22 1 5,254 7.32 1 2,681 3.74 0 2,421 3.37 0 1,846 2.57 0 66.09
Paphos 6,900 22.98 1 5,422 18.06 1 7,300 24.32 1 4,622 15.40 1 1,923 6.41 0 641 2.14 0 677 2.26 0 1,960 6.53 0 576 1.92 0 72.31

Analysis and reception

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The election had the lowest turnout for a legislative election in the history of the Republic of Cyprus. "General apathy with public affairs, but likewise frustration with the credit crunch and disappointment with politicians" was cited in the Cyprus Mail for the low turnout, whilst political analyst Hubert Faustmann cited "dissatisfaction of the public with the bigger parties" and "that parliamentary elections in Cyprus are not that important, given the weakness of the Cypriot parliament". AKEL was seen as the biggest loser of the election, possible reasons being cited as the party's failure to take up a "proactive" role and continued disillusionment with the Christofias administration. In contrast, an AKEL member, Irini Charalambidou, gained the highest number of votes for any candidate, following her stark critique of and fight against failing banks. The results were interpreted as a weakening of the front calling for a federal solution by the Turkish Cypriot press and political analyst Louis Igoumenides. Whilst the pro-solution parties, DISY and AKEL, still received a combined 56% of the votes against 40% obtained by anti-solution parties, in the case of a referendum the "yes" vote was expected by Igoumenides to be much lower, partly due to the refusal of fanatic voters of DISY and AKEL to collaborate.[11][12]

In terms of economics, the Anastasiades government became dependent on smaller parties to pass important reforms. This was expected to impede the ability of the government to pass these reforms, economic analyst Fiona Mullen said "I think we can forget privatization altogether".[13] This was also the first time the far-right party ELAM entered the parliament. Anti-racist NGO KISA called upon political parties in the parliament to counter ELAM and stated its "concern over the number of absentee voters and the rightward drift of the electorate towards political parties that espouse racism and nationalism" and Turkish Cypriot daily Diyalog called the party "terrorist".[14][12]

Cypriot electoral expert Yiannis Mavris said: "The electoral results herald a new political era for Cyprus. New small parties seem to be here to stay and will be exerting continuous pressure on traditional parties, which may find it difficult to win back their voters."[15]

References

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  1. ^ "Electoral threshold at 3.6%". InCyprus. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  2. ^ Electoral system IPU
  3. ^ "Government abolishes compulsory voting". Cyprus Mail. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  4. ^ Michele Kambas (14 May 2012). "Cyprus president says will not seek re-election". Reuters. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  5. ^ "DIKO decides to leave Cyprus government coalition". Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "Theocharous unveils Solidarity platform to 'save Republic'". Cyprus Mail. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  8. ^ "EVROKO to merge with Theocharous' Solidarity movement (Update)". Cyprus Mail. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  9. ^ Angelos Anastasiou (19 May 2016). "Election campaign heats up on economy issues". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  10. ^ "First exit polls indicate an eight-party House". Cyprus Mail. 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  11. ^ "Cyprus parliamentary vote puts far-right in parliament". Reuters. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  12. ^ a b Hazou, Elias (23 May 2016). "Election outcome doesn't bode well for settlement, political observer says". Cyprus Mail. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  13. ^ "Cyprus's Anastasiades Sees Support Cut in Parliamentary Vote". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  14. ^ "KISA calls on parties to counter ELAM". Cyprus Weekly. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  15. ^ "News Analysis: Cypriot traditional parties count their losses in parliamentary election". Xinhua News Agency. 23 May 2016. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.