Hungarian–Czechoslovak War

Hungarian–Czechoslovak war
	Part of the 1918–20 revolutions and interventions in Hungary
	; Territory recovered by the Hungarian Soviet Republic (light red) in today Slovakia and minor parts in today Hungary, in May–June 1919
Date	November 1918 – 23 June 1919
Location	present-day Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia, Hungary
Result	Czechoslovak victory Hungarian retreat after diplomatic negotiations with the Entente; Formation and then dissolution of the short-lived Slovak Soviet Republic;
Belligerents
Hungarian Republic; (until 21 March 1919); Soviet Hungary; (from 21 March 1919); Supported by:; Soviet Russia	Czechoslovakia; Hungarian anti-communists; Supported by:; France; Romania
Commanders and leaders
Béla Kun; Aurél Stromfeld; Ferenc Julier [hu]; Vilmos Böhm	Tomáš Masaryk; František Schöbl; Josef Štika; Josef Šnejdárek; Josef Votruba
Strength
80,000	20,000
Casualties and losses
unknown dead; ~450 captured	864

The Hungarian–Czechoslovak War, or Northern Campaign (Hungarian: északi hadjárat), was fought between the Hungarian Soviet Republic and the First Czechoslovak Republic from April to June 1919.

Background

Czechoslovak soldiers fight against the Hungarian Red Army in May 1919

At the end of 1918, the final year of World War I, the collapse of Austria-Hungary led to the declaration of independence of Czechoslovakia. The newly-proclaimed state, wanting to ensure the success of its territorial demands, started an attack (^{what attack ?}).

During the war, the Hungarian Red Army fought separate battles against troops from Czechoslovakia and Romania, and France was also highly involved^[1] diplomatically in the conflicts, too. By the war's final stage, more than 120,000 troops on both sides had become involved.

Appealing to Hungarians with promises of regaining the land lost to neighbouring countries within a week of his rise to power, communist revolutioner Béla Kun declared war upon Czechoslovakia. That increased Kun's domestic support by making good on his promise to restore Hungary's borders. The Hungarian Army recruited men aged between 19 and 25. Industrial workers from Budapest volunteered, and many former Austro-Hungarian officers re-enlisted through patriotism. The Hungarian army moved its 1st and 5th artillery divisions (40 battalions) to Upper Hungary (partially modern day Slovakia).

Shaded portion covers territory invaded by Magyars, dotted portion indicates districts where bolshevist outbreaks occurred

The Hungarian counterattack launched on 9 May 1919 in the area of Hatvan. On 20 May 1919 Colonel Aurél Stromfeld, attacked in force and routed Czechoslovak troops from Miskolc (Miškovec), also recapturing Košice and Prešov (Eperjes), thus successfully separated the Czechoslovak and Romanian Armies from each other. Through that successful action, Hungary controlled territory up to its old northern borders and regained control of industrial areas around Miskolc, Salgótarján and Banská Štiavnica (Selmecbánya).

Proclamation of Slovak Soviet Republic and moral collapse of army

Despite the communists' promises on the restoration of the former borders of Hungary, they declared the establishment of the independent Slovak Soviet Republic in Prešov on 16 June 1919.^[2] After that proclamation, the Hungarian nationalists and patriots soon realized that the new communist government had no intentions to recapture the lost territories, only to spread communist ideology and establish other communist states in Europe, and was thus sacrificing Hungarian national interests.^[3] Despite the series of military victories against the Czechoslovak Army, the Hungarian Red Army started to disintegrate because of the fundamental tension between patriots and communists during the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic, and that concession shook the popular and military support of the communist government, particularly among professional military officers, patriots and nationalists in the Hungarian Red Army. In fact, even the chief of the general staff, Aurél Stromfeld, resigned his post in protest.^[4]

Mass celebration of the Hungarian Red Army's march to Košice (Kassa) on 4 June 1919 (1080p video)

Turnaround of combat

Meanwhile, the Czechoslovak Army had changed. The few unreliable Italian commanders were replaced by French generals and officers. The head of the newly organized Czechoslovak 2nd Infantry Division was the French Legion Colonel and veteran Foreign Legion Josef Šnejdárek. Battalions and regiments broken in previous battles were formed and, along with new units, receded in mountainous terrain from one defensive line to another. It was enough for a week for Šnejdárek to consolidate subordinate troops and prepare them for offensive actions.

Battle of Zvolen (Zólyom)

On the morning of 10 June the 2nd Infantry Brigade launched a demonstration attack on Zvolen (Zólyom). Its left wing surprisingly appeared in the side of the Hungarian troops, the right wing entered Banská Štiavnica (Selmecbánya). All Hungarian attacks on the following day were repelled, and the 2nd Division continued to attack. Šnejdárek changed the direction of the strike, and on 13 June he ordered a by-passing attack on Zvolen. After four hours of fighting, his troops occupied the dominant dimensions and began attacking the key positions of the Hungarian defense. At around noon, the first unit of the Elected, and the queue were punched to a depth of 10 km. The whole central flow of Hron (Garam) was given to the Czechoslovak control, and the Hungarian command no longer had advances to break the breakthrough.

Aftermath

The recapture of Zvolen meant a turnaround of combat. The Czechoslovak Army took the initiative and attacked the Hungarians in two directions: Levice (Léva) and Lučenec (Losonc). Weekly battles exploded, and all of the Hungarian advances were exhausted. The Hungarian Army Command agreed with the ceasefire and retreated to the demarcation line. The Czech soldiers, most of whom had fought in World War I in the ranks of the Austro-Hungarian Army, as well as Slovak Army volunteers, showed that they were as good as the Czechoslovak Legions, which were still in Russia in 1919.^[5]^[6]

References

^ Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld (2000). "Hungarian War". A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. p. 575. ISBN 0472108069.
^ Jack A. Goldstone (2015). The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Routledge. p. 227. ISBN 9781135937584.
^ Peter Pastor (1988). Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918-1919, Volume 20. Social Science Monographs. p. 441. ISBN 9780880331371.
^ Peter F. Sugar; Péter Hanák; Tibor Frank (1994). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780253208675.
^ zabudnutý generál
^ Petr Čornej, Pavel Bělina, Slavné bitvy naší historie, Marsyas 1993

Literature

Aliaksandr Piahanau, Czechoslovak-Hungarian Border Conflict, In: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2018-06-19. DOI: 10.15463/ie1418.11274. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/czechoslovak-hungarian_border_conflict
Petr Čornej, Pavel Bělina, Slavné bitvy naší historie, Marsyas 1993

External links

Aliaksandr Piahanau: Czechoslovak-Hungarian Border Conflict, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
zabudnutý generál

[Crisis-1] Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld (2000). "Hungarian War". A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. p. 575. ISBN 0472108069.

[2] Jack A. Goldstone (2015). The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions. Routledge. p. 227. ISBN 9781135937584.

[3] Peter Pastor (1988). Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918-1919, Volume 20. Social Science Monographs. p. 441. ISBN 9780880331371.

[4] Peter F. Sugar; Péter Hanák; Tibor Frank (1994). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 308. ISBN 9780253208675.

[5] zabudnutý generál

[6] Petr Čornej, Pavel Bělina, Slavné bitvy naší historie, Marsyas 1993

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