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Czech Republic–Israel relations

(Redirected from Czechoslovakia – Israel relations)

Relations between Israel and the Czech Republic, and its predecessor state Czechoslovakia, have varied widely over time.

Czech–Israeli relations
Map indicating locations of Czech Republic and Israel

Czech Republic
Israel
Israeli embassy in Prague, Czech Republic
Reuven Rivlin's visit to Czech Republic, October 2015

The historical and ideological roots of this international relationship, which would prove crucial for the establishment of Israel in 1948, can be traced back to the early 19th century, and the emerging Czech-Jewish alliance in Prague. By 1938, virtually all groups of Jews in the Bohemian Lands, Czech assimilationists, German liberals, and Zionists, were closely attached to the Czechoslovak government and integrated in the centre-left elite of the country (but excluded from the right). The links between T.G. Masaryk and Zionist circles in Prague and beyond, mark the crucial node that would lead to Czechoslovak military assistance to the nascent Israeli state around 1948.[1]

After this peak, Czechoslovakia-Israel relations deteriorated, and the two countries did not have diplomatic relations during most of the Communist rule in Czechoslovakia. However, after the Velvet Revolution and dissolution of Czechoslovakia the countries re-established contact, and the Czech Republic is now one of Israel's closest allies, frequently demonstrating strong support for Israel at the United Nations and within the European Union.[1]

In March 2021, the Czech Republic opened a diplomatic office in Jerusalem.[2]

History

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Israeli relations with Czechoslovakia

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The founder of Czechoslovakia, President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, had close relations with Jews and the Zionist Movement. In 1920 he became the first statesman to visit the first Jewish kibbutz in Mandatory Palestine.[1]:50

Czechoslovakia was one of 33 countries to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution recommending the establishment of a Jewish state, and was among the first countries to recognize the State of Israel, which it did on May 18, 1948, four days after Israel's declaration of independence.[3] Diplomatic relations between the countries were established on July 3, 1948, four months after the Communists seized power in Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia supported the newly created state for several months with military aircraft and weapons. However the Communist government later ceased this support and after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War diplomatic relations were broken.[1]

Following the 1989 Velvet Revolution, diplomatic relations were re-established between Israel and the newly democratic Czechoslovakia.

Israeli relations with the Czech Republic

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After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, diplomatic relations were established between Israel and the two successor states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

 
Czech Embassy, White City of Tel Aviv

In December 2008 the Czech Air Force wanted to train in desert conditions for the upcoming mission in Afghanistan, and Israel offered their desert areas for this purpose, to thank the Czechs for training Israeli pilots when the country was first established.[4]

The current Czech government is one of Israel's closest allies.[5] After the Gaza flotilla raid the Czech Republic expressed its support for Israel. President of the Senate Přemysl Sobotka visited Israel on June 2, 2010 and addressed the Israeli Knesset, describing the flotilla as a planned provocation designed to entrap Israel.[citation needed] Sobotka met with Knesset Speaker Reuven Rivlin and expressed support for the classification of Hamas as a terrorist organization.[6]

In a United Nations General Assembly vote on 29 November 2012, the Czech Republic was the only European country to vote with Israel against upgrading the status of Palestine to a "non-member observer state".[7]

During a visit to Prague in May 2012, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that Israel had "no better friend in Europe than the Czech Republic".[8] During a visit to Israel in November 2014, Czech Foreign Minister Lubomír Zaorálek claimed that Czech media and society viewed Israel as "a trusted friend, a vibrant democracy, and an economic and technological powerhouse", adding that the Czech Republic had one of the lowest levels of anti-Semitism in Europe.[9] In 2015, Israel Foreign Affairs Minister Moshe Arens described Czech-Israel relations as "excellent", and the best of all nations in the European Union.[10]

 
Israeli President Reuven Rivlin at state dinner in honor of Czech president Milos Zeman, 2018

In December 2015 the Czech Parliament refused to implement European Union guidelines to label Israeli products originating from the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. Czech lawmakers described the rules as anti-Semitic, and discrimination against "the only democracy in the Middle East". Israel's ambassador Gary Koren thanked the parliament for its decision.[11]

In October 2016 Czech Parliament passed a motion condemning a UNESCO resolution on Palestine which omitted reference to the Jewish heritage of the Western Wall and other historical sites in Jerusalem,[12] with deputies accusing UNESCO of antisemitism and describing the resolution as "hateful" during the parliamentary discussion.[13] Ofir Akunis, Israeli Minister of Science, Technology and Space, thanked the Czech Parliament and the country, describing it as a "heroic act" and reaffirming the close relationship between the countries.[14]

In May 2017 the Chamber of Deputies passed a non-binding resolution condemning another UNESCO resolution critical of Israel, and calling on the Czech government to advocate recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The resolution also called for the Czech Republic to withhold its annual funding to UNESCO.[15]

On 22 October 2019, the Chamber of Deputies passed a non-binding resolution "condemn[ing] all activities and statements by groups calling for a boycott of the State of Israel, its goods, services or citizens." The resolution was introduced by Jan Bartošek, leader of the Populars caucus in the chamber.[16]

On 11 March 2021, Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš opened the Czech diplomatic office in Jerusalem, the second European Union country to do so, after Hungary.[17]

In July 2022, Israeli President Isaac Herzog made a state visit to the Czech Republic. At Prague Castle, President Herzog awarded the Israeli Presidential Medal of Honor to Czech President Miloš Zeman, hailing his Czech counterpart’s "deep friendship with the Jewish People, his consistent support for Israel on the international stage, and his 'zero tolerance' policy toward terrorism and antisemitism."[18]

On 25 October 2023, Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala made a visit to Israel where he expressed the Czech Republic's support for Israel following the Hamas-led attacks on October 7, and met with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Herzog.[19] Earlier that month, he had proposed accelerating the move of the Czech embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[20] Prime Minister Netanyahu had an official visit to the Czech Republic planned for early October, accompanied by ministers of his cabinet, which was cancelled due to the attacks.[21]

In January 2024, Czech President Petr Pavel made a two-day visit to Israel in light of the ongoing 2023 Israel–Hamas war. During the visit, President Pavel met with Israeli officials including Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Herzog, where he expressed support for Israel while also stating concerns over humanitarian aid and civilian casualties in Gaza.[22]

In May 2024, Czech Republic was one of the nine countries which voted against Palestine's UN membership. Czech Republic is considered to be one of Israel's closest allies in Europe.[23]

Diplomatic offices and co-operation

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The Czech Republic has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 3 honorary consulates (in Haifa, Jerusalem and Ramat Gan). Israel has an embassy in Prague. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.[24]

Trade

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Trade between Israel and the Czech Republic is influenced by the EU-Israel Free Trade Agreement of 1995.[25][26]

Czech - Israeli trade in millions USD-$ [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
  Israel imports

  Czech Republic exports

  Czech Republic imports

  Israel exports

Total trade value
2023 847.7 199.6 1047.3
2022 857 176 1033
2021 826.1 154.9 981
2020 670 123.9 793.9
2019 698.7 135.4 834.1
2018 660.6 184.1 844.7
2017 572.8 143.9 716.7
2016 612.4 130.9 743.3
2015 469.8 127 596.8
2014 607 168.1 775.1
2013 534.7 148.6 683.3
2012 516.5 172.3 688.8
2011 389.2 158.1 547.3
2010 268.1 149.9 418
2009 188 132.3 320.3
2008 165.6 161.6 327.2
2007 136.4 132.6 269
2006 111.5 107.3 218.8
2005 96.6 65.5 162.1
2004 104.1 72.9 177
2003 76.8 53.7 130.5
2002 75.8 42.2 118

Tourism

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In 1996, Israel and the Czech Republic abolished the need for visas for each others' citizens to travel, and both offer working holiday visas.[35][36][37]

Tourism of Czechs in Israel and Israelis in Czech Republic[38][39][40][41]
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
Tourists form   Czech Republic

Arriving to   Israel

31,100 20,300 3,100 8,200 32,400 31,700 24,300 15,900 14,200 16,800 15,000 13,800
Tourists form   Israel

Arriving to   Czech Republic

117,368 141,263 74,926 22,249 161,217 162,774 183,948 168,638 140,643 116,390 104,542 93,510

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Wein, Martin J. (2019). A History of Czechs and Jews: A Slavic Jerusalem. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Limited. ISBN 9781317608219. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  2. ^ "Czech Republic opens de facto embassy to Israel in west Jerusalem". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. March 11, 2021.
  3. ^ "AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK" (PDF). Ajarchives.org. 1950. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  4. ^ "|". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14., Ceskenoviny.cz, Retrieved 27 March 2017
  5. ^ "AFP: Israel FM clarifies 'land swap' proposal". Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  6. ^ "Czech Republic Supports Israel - Again". Israel National News. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  7. ^ "A/67/L.28 of 26 November 2012 and A/RES/67/19 of 29 November 2012". Unispal.un.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
  8. ^ Winfrey, Michael; Muller, Robert (30 November 2012). "Czech Vote Against Palestine: Only European Nation At UN To Vote Against Palestinian State Was Czech Republic". Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  9. ^ Reflections on Czech-Israeli Relations in Light of EU Policies, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, IX (1), 87-91.
  10. ^ "Moše Arens: Česko musí zůstat své, Západ je jako za Chamberlaina (in Czech)". ČT24. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  11. ^ "Czech Parliament rejects labeling of products from Israeli settlements - Israel News - Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  12. ^ "Czech MPs slam 'hateful' UNESCO Jerusalem resolution". Times of Israel. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  13. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (19 October 2016). "Czech lower parliament: UNESCO Jerusalem resolution strengthens antisemitism". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  14. ^ "'Světlo v temnotě nenávisti.' Izrael děkuje Česku za podporu". Echo24.cz. 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  15. ^ "Czech parliament denies UNESCO resolution on Jerusalem | Prague Monitor". www.praguemonitor.com. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-05-24. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
  16. ^ Ahren, Raphael. "Czech lawmakers pass resolution condemning BDS movement". Times of Israel.
  17. ^ Berman, Lazar. "FM Ashkenazi, Czech PM inaugurate new diplomatic office in Jerusalem". Times of Israel.
  18. ^ "Israeli Presidential Medal of Honor: Who's next? -opinion". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 19 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  19. ^ Fraňková, Ruth (25 October 2023). "PM Fiala: Czechia to seek unequivocal support for Israel in Brussels". Radio Prague International.
  20. ^ "PM Fiala Proposes Moving Czech Embassy in Israel To Jerusalem "Within Months"". Brno Daily. 13 October 2023.
  21. ^ Kahane, Ariel (10 August 2023). "נתניהו ושרי הממשלה יקיימו ביקור מדיני בצ'כיה". Israel HaYom.
  22. ^ Lazarová, Daniela (16 January 2024). "President Pavel assures Israel of continued support in war against Hamas". Radio Prague International.
  23. ^ Massoud, Adla (10 May 2024). "Which nine countries voted against Palestine's UN membership?". The National.
  24. ^ "Member States".
  25. ^ https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/policy/eu-isr-fta/he/sahar-hutz_agreements_euro-fta-agri-2010-en.pdf
  26. ^ https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/policy/eu-isr-fta/he/sahar-hutz_agreements_euro-fta-agreement-en.pdf
  27. ^ "סחר החוץ לפי ארצות בשנת 2023". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  28. ^ "סחר החוץ לפי ארצות בשנת 2020". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  29. ^ "סחר החוץ לפי ארצות בשנת 2017". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  30. ^ "סחר החוץ לפי ארצות בשנת 2014". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  31. ^ "סחר החוץ של ישראל לפי ארצות בשנת 2011". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  32. ^ "סחר החוץ של ישראל לפי ארצות בשנת 2011". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  33. ^ "סחר החוץ לפי ארצות בשנת 2008". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  34. ^ "סחר החוץ לפי ארצות בשנת 2005". www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  35. ^ https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/Monthly%20Statement/1996/11/monstate.pdf
  36. ^ https://ipc.gov.cz/en/visa-and-residence-permit-types/third-country-nationals/long-term-visa/visa-for-a-stay-longer-than-90-days-for-the-purpose-of-a-working-holiday/?iqTabs=%7B%220%22%3A2%7D
  37. ^ https://www.gov.il/en/pages/working-holiday-program
  38. ^ https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/doclib/2024/005/28_24_005t3.pdf
  39. ^ https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2024/1929_tourism_2022/t04.pdf
  40. ^ https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2017/1658_tayarut_2015/t04.pdf
  41. ^ https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=1006&katalog=31743&pvo=CRU04&pvo=CRU04&str=v219&c=v3~8__RP2022&u=v222__VUZEMI__100__3018
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