Wikipedia

Desmin

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Desmin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DES gene.[5][6] Desmin is a muscle-specific, type III intermediate filament[7] that integrates the sarcolemma, Z disk, and nuclear membrane in sarcomeres and regulates sarcomere architecture.[8][9]

DES
Identifiers
AliasesDES, CSM1, CSM2, LGMD2R, desmin, LGMD1D, CMD1F, CDCD3, LGMD1E
External IDsOMIM: 125660; MGI: 94885; HomoloGene: 56469; GeneCards: DES; OMA:DES - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1674

13346

Ensembl

ENSG00000175084

ENSMUSG00000026208

UniProt

P17661

P31001

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001927

NM_010043

RefSeq (protein)

NP_034173

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 219.42 – 219.43 MbChr 1: 75.34 – 75.35 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

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Desmin is a 53.5 kD protein composed of 470 amino acids, encoded by the human DES gene located on the long arm of chromosome 2.[10][11] There are three major domains to the desmin protein: a conserved alpha helix rod, a variable non alpha helix head, and a carboxy-terminal tail.[12] Desmin, as all intermediate filaments, shows no polarity when assembled.[12] The rod domain consists of 308 amino acids with parallel alpha helical coiled coil dimers and three linkers to disrupt it.[12] The rod domain connects to the head domain. The head domain 84 amino acids with many arginine, serine, and aromatic residues is important in filament assembly and dimer-dimer interactions.[12] The tail domain is responsible for the integration of filaments and interaction with proteins and organelles. Desmin is only expressed in vertebrates, however homologous proteins are found in many organisms.[12] Desmin is a subunit of intermediate filaments in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle tissue.[13] In cardiac muscle, desmin is present in Z-discs and intercalated discs. Desmin has been shown to interact with desmoplakin[14] and αB-crystallin.[15]

Function

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Desmin was first described in 1976,[16] first purified in 1977,[17] the gene was cloned in 1989,[6] and the first knockout mouse was created in 1996.[18] The function of desmin has been deduced through studies in knockout mice. Desmin is one of the earliest protein markers for muscle tissue in embryogenesis as it is detected in the somites.[12] Although it is present early in the development of muscle cells, it is only expressed at low levels, and increases as the cell nears terminal differentiation. A similar protein, vimentin, is present in higher amounts during embryogenesis while desmin is present in higher amounts after differentiation. This suggests that there may be some interaction between the two in determining muscle cell differentiation. However desmin knockout mice develop normally and only experience defects later in life.[13] Since desmin is expressed at a low level during differentiation another protein may be able to compensate for desmin's function early in development but not later on.[19]

In adult desmin-null mice, hearts from 10 week-old animals showed drastic alterations in muscle architecture, including a misalignment of myofibrils and disorganization and swelling of mitochondria; findings that were more severe in cardiac relative to skeletal muscle. Cardiac tissue also exhibited progressive necrosis and calcification of the myocardium.[20] A separate study examined this in more detail in cardiac tissue and found that murine hearts lacking desmin developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and chamber dilation combined with systolic dysfunction.[21] In adult muscle, desmin forms a scaffold around the Z-disk of the sarcomere and connects the Z-disk to the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton.[22] It links the myofibrils laterally by connecting the Z-disks.[12] Through its connection to the sarcomere, desmin connects the contractile apparatus to the cell nucleus, mitochondria, and post-synaptic areas of motor endplates.[12] These connections maintain the structural and mechanical integrity of the cell during contraction while also helping in force transmission and longitudinal load bearing.[22][23]

In human heart failure, desmin expression is upregulated, which has been hypothesized to be a defense mechanism in an attempt to maintain normal sarcomere alignment amidst disease pathogenesis.[24] There is some evidence that desmin may also connect the sarcomere to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through desmosomes which could be important in signalling between the ECM and the sarcomere which could regulate muscle contraction and movement.[23] Finally, desmin may be important in mitochondria function. When desmin is not functioning properly there is improper mitochondrial distribution, number, morphology and function.[25][26] Since desmin links the mitochondria to the sarcomere it may transmit information about contractions and energy need and through this regulate the aerobic respiration rate of the muscle cell.

Clinical significance

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Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy (DRM or desminopathy) is a subgroup of the myofibrillar myopathy diseases [27] and is the result of a mutation in the gene that codes for desmin which by changing the protein structure [28] prevents it from forming protein filaments, and rather, forms aggregates of desmin and other proteins throughout the cell.[8][12] Desmin (DES) mutations have been associated with restrictive,[29] dilated,[30][31] idiopathic,[32][33] arrhythmogenic [34][35][36][37] and non-compaction cardimyopathy.[38][39] The N-terminal part of the 1A desmin subdomain is a genetic hot spot region for mutations affecting filament assembly.[40] Some of these DES mutations cause an aggregation of desmin within the cytoplasm.[40][41][42] A mutation p.A120D was discovered in a family, where several members had sudden cardiac death.[43] In addition, DES mutations cause frequently cardiac conduction diseases.[44]

Desmin has been evaluated for role in assessing the depth of invasion of urothelial carcinoma in TURBT specimens.[45]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175084 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026208 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Muñoz-Mármol AM, Strasser G, Isamat M, Coulombe PA, Yang Y, Roca X, et al. (September 1998). "A dysfunctional desmin mutation in a patient with severe generalized myopathy". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (19): 11312–11317. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9511312M. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.19.11312. PMC 21639. PMID 9736733.
  6. ^ a b Li ZL, Lilienbaum A, Butler-Browne G, Paulin D (May 1989). "Human desmin-coding gene: complete nucleotide sequence, characterization and regulation of expression during myogenesis and development". Gene. 78 (2): 243–254. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90227-8. PMID 2673923.
  7. ^ "Desmin", The Human Protein Atlas. Proteinatlas.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
  8. ^ a b Brodehl A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Milting H (August 2018). "Molecular insights into cardiomyopathies associated with desmin (DES) mutations". Biophysical Reviews. 10 (4): 983–1006. doi:10.1007/s12551-018-0429-0. PMC 6082305. PMID 29926427.
  9. ^ Sequeira V, Nijenkamp LL, Regan JA, van der Velden J (February 2014). "The physiological role of cardiac cytoskeleton and its alterations in heart failure". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1838 (2): 700–722. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.011. PMID 23860255.
  10. ^ "Mass spectrometry characterization of human DES at COPaKB". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
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  27. ^ Fichna JP, Maruszak A, Żekanowski C (November 2018). "Myofibrillar myopathy in the genomic context". Journal of Applied Genetics. 59 (4): 431–439. doi:10.1007/s13353-018-0463-4. PMID 30203143.
  28. ^ Fichna JP, Karolczak J, Potulska-Chromik A, Miszta P, Berdynski M, Sikorska A, et al. (December 2014). "Two desmin gene mutations associated with myofibrillar myopathies in Polish families". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115470. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k5470F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115470. PMC 4277352. PMID 25541946.
  29. ^ Brodehl A, Pour Hakimi SA, Stanasiuk C, Ratnavadivel S, Hendig D, Gaertner A, et al. (November 2019). "Restrictive Cardiomyopathy is Caused by a Novel Homozygous Desmin (DES) Mutation p.Y122H Leading to a Severe Filament Assembly Defect". Genes. 10 (11): 918. doi:10.3390/genes10110918. PMC 6896098. PMID 31718026.
  30. ^ Fischer B, Dittmann S, Brodehl A, Unger A, Stallmeyer B, Paul M, et al. (April 2021). "Functional characterization of novel alpha-helical rod domain desmin (DES) pathogenic variants associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, atrioventricular block and a risk for sudden cardiac death". International Journal of Cardiology. 329: 167–174. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.12.050. PMID 33373648. S2CID 229719883.
  31. ^ Brodehl A, Dieding M, Biere N, Unger A, Klauke B, Walhorn V, et al. (February 2016). "Functional characterization of the novel DES mutation p.L136P associated with dilated cardiomyopathy reveals a dominant filament assembly defect". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 91: 207–214. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.015. PMID 26724190.
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  33. ^ Goldfarb LG, Park KY, Cervenáková L, Gorokhova S, Lee HS, Vasconcelos O, et al. (August 1998). "Missense mutations in desmin associated with familial cardiac and skeletal myopathy". Nature Genetics. 19 (4): 402–403. doi:10.1038/1300. PMID 9697706. S2CID 23313873.
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  38. ^ Kulikova O, Brodehl A, Kiseleva A, Myasnikov R, Meshkov A, Stanasiuk C, et al. (January 2021). "The Desmin (DES) Mutation p.A337P Is Associated with Left-Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy". Genes. 12 (1): 121. doi:10.3390/genes12010121. PMC 7835827. PMID 33478057.
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  43. ^ Brodehl A, Dieding M, Klauke B, Dec E, Madaan S, Huang T, et al. (December 2013). "The novel desmin mutant p.A120D impairs filament formation, prevents intercalated disk localization, and causes sudden cardiac death". Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics. 6 (6): 615–623. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.113.000103. PMID 24200904.
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  45. ^ Saha K, Saha A, Datta C, Chatterjee U, Ray S, Bera M (2014). "Does desmin immunohistochemistry have a role in assessing stage of urothelial carcinoma in transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens?". Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal. 3 (6): 502. doi:10.4103/2278-0513.142634.
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