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Dalcassians

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The Dalcassians (Irish: Dál gCais [ˌd̪ˠaːlˠ ˈɡaʃ]) are a Gaelic Irish clan, generally accepted by contemporary scholarship as being a branch of the Déisi Muman, that became very powerful in Ireland during the 10th century. Their genealogies claimed descent from Tál Cas. Their known ancestors are the subject of The Expulsion of the Déisi tale and one branch of their blood-line went on to rule the petty kingdom of Dyfed in Wales during the 4th century; probably in alliance with the Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus.

Dalcassians
Dál gCais
Sword of Nuada
The early Dál gCais carried on their banners the Claíomh Solais of Nuada.[1] One of the Four Treasures of the Tuatha Dé Danann.
Profile
CountryIreland
RegionThomond
AncestryDéisi Tuisceart
EthnicityGaelic Irish
FounderCas
Chief
Conor John Anthony, 19th Baron Inchiquin
Historic seatDromoland Castle
Septs of Dalcassians
Kindreds
Titles

Brian Bóruma is perhaps the best-known king from the dynasty and was responsible to a significant degree for carving out their fortunes. The family had built a power base on the banks of the River Shannon and Brian's brother Mahon became their first King of Munster, taking the throne from the rival Eóganachta. This influence was greatly extended under Brian who became High King of Ireland, following a series of wars against Hiberno-Norse kingdoms and the Chiefs of other Irish clans, before dying famously at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Following this the Dál gCais provided three more High Kings of Ireland; Donnchad mac Briain, Toirdelbach Ua Briain and Muirchertach Ua Briain.

From the 12th–16th centuries, the Dál gCais contented themselves with being reduced to the Kingdom of Thomond. They attempted to claim the Kingdom of Desmond for a time, but ultimately the MacCarthys held it. The Kennedys also held the Kingdom of Ormond for a time. Some of the better known septs included O'Brien, Moloney, MacNamara, O'Grady, O'Gorman, Galvin, Kennedy, MacMahon, McInerney, and Clancy. During the 13th century Richard Strongbow's relatives the Norman de Clares attempted to take Thomond, but the Dál gCais held firm.

It wasn't until the 16th century, unable to be defeated militarily, that they agreed to surrender and regrant their kingdom to Henry VIII Tudor, joining the nobility of the Kingdom of Ireland. Their realm was renamed County Clare, though they remained influential. In later times, remarkable figures include writer Standish James O'Grady, who is called "Father of the Celtic Revival" and William Smith O'Brien who played a leading part in the Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848. In diaspora, prominent figures have included Marshal Patrice de Mac-Mahon, President of France,[2][3] as well as John F. Kennedy[4] and Ronald Reagan,[5] who were both Presidents of the United States.

History

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Origins, Déisi Muman vs. Deirgtine

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In their own genealogies, the Dál gCais traced their line back to their eponymous ancestor and progenitor Cormac Cas, who is said to have lived in the 2nd to 3rd century. They make him a second son of Ailill Aulom from the Deirgtine, a King of Munster and Leath Moga more generally, associated in a story with the goddess Áine of the Tuatha Dé Danann during the Cycles of the Kings of Irish mythology. Cormac Cas himself was purported to be the younger brother of Eógan, founder of the Eóganachta, who would go on to rule Munster for many centuries. While this was taken on face value for a long time, later Irish scholars came to question its validity, regarding it as a politically motivated fabrication. The Dál gCais were becoming powerful in the 10th century, with Mahon and his brother Brian Bóruma taking the throne in Munster from the Eóganachta; claiming ancient kinship with their rivals would have boosted their legitimacy.

 
Aerial view of the River Shannon, the area where the Dál gCais grew in power

It is claimed by current scholarship that the Dál gCais were instead a branch of the Déisi Muman.[6][7] The Déisi Muman held a vassal kingship in Munster under the Eóganachta, significant in scope, consisting of what is today Waterford and its environs. As time went on branches also emerged around the River Shannon, as part of the Déisi Muman moved north-westerly between the 5th and early 8th century; they were called the Déisi Deiscirt and the Déisi Tuisceart. It is from a later, more northerly branch, which the Dál gCais are said to ultimately find their true ancestors.[6] The first recorded mention of their adoption of the new name Dál gCais specifically is in the Annals of Inisfallen for the year 934, which records the death of their king Rebachán mac Mothlai.

The Déisi Muman themselves are the subject of The Expulsion of the Déisi epic in the Cycles of the Kings, which is set during the time that Cormac Ulfada was High King of Ireland. The story describes the expulsion of the Dal Fiachrach Suighe; kinsmen of the Connachta and descendants of Fedlimid Rechtmar; from Tara, coming to settle in Munster after many battles. Upon becoming the Déisi Muman, one branch then sailed across to Britain in the 4th century, coming to rule Dyfed. Their presence in Britain may have been initially supported by Magnus Maximus, Roman Emperor, as part of a policy of backing Gaelic vassals to be seafaring defenders of the shores of Britain facing the Irish Sea from pirates.[8] Eoin MacNeill has pointed out that they were not the only Irish colony in the area, with the Uí Liatháin also powerful. Historian C. Thomas Cairney stated that the Dal gCais along with the Déisi were tribes of the Erainn who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland from about 500 to 100 BC.[9]

Ascent to the High Kingship of Ireland

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See also: History of Ireland (800–1169) and List of High Kings of Ireland

The adoption of the name Dál gCais and the ascent of the group to greater power began to take place during the 10th century with internal political transition.[7] With the death of Rebachán mac Mothlai, the leadership of the Déisi Tuisceart shifted from the Uí Aengusa kindred to their junior relatives the Uí Thairdelbaig.[7] It was during the time of Cennétig,[7] who styled himself King of Thomond, that the Dál gCais began to challenge the Eóganachta; though Kennedy was defeated at the Battle of Gort Rotacháin by Cellach Caisil, King of Munster in 944. The actual reason for this sudden surge has been much debated and one frequently discussed thesis is that it was a political scheme of the Uí Néill, intending to use the Dál gCais as proxies to further weaken the power of the Eóganachta.[10]

 
Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland, perhaps the best-known historical figure of the Dál gCais

Kennedy's children built on their father's achievements. His daughter Órlaith became Queen consort of Ireland, after she married Donagh Donn, a High King of Ireland from the southern branch of the Uí Néill. Mahon became the first Dál gCais to gain the kingship of Munster, after he seized the Rock of Cashel from Molloy of the Eóganachta. Leading up to this he had defeated the Norse under Ivar of Limerick at the Battle of Sulcoit in 968. After Mahon was captured by Donovan in 976 and murdered by Molloy, the Eóganachta returned to the throne at Cashel for two years, but Mahon's younger brother Brian Bóruma, a seasoned military man from the early campaigns, would desire vengeance.

A campaign in 977-78 led to the defeat and death of Ivar, with an engagement at Scattery Island being the most significant. Brian retained the formerly Norse Limerick for its trading power and naval strength. The Dál gCais took back Munster at Belach Lechta the same year, killing Molloy in the process. Ambition saw Brian look next to the territories of Malachy II, High King of Ireland. A closely contested war of 15 years ensued, with the naval ability of the Dál gCais paying off as a truce was called by Malachy in 997, recognising Brian's overlordship of Leath Moga. They became allies against the Norse Dublin and the Laigin who under Máel Mórda, King of Leinster had risen against Brian's claims. The latter were subdued at Glenmama in 999, before rebelling again in 1014 at Clontarf where Norse power in Ireland was finally broken, though Brian died in the process. In the interim, Malachy had passed the High Kingship to Brian in 1002 and he built strong Christian links to Armagh. Historian C. Thomas Cairney stated that the Dal gCais were the axe-wielding foot-soldiers who formed the core of the army that defeated the Vikings in 1014.[9]

After the death of Brian, his two established surviving sons; Donagh and Teague; struggled in an internal Dál gCais rivalry for dominion. While Donagh was High King, many other Irish kings allied against him, including Leinster, Connacht, and Ulster. Deposed in 1063, he fled to Rome, with some sources claiming he granted Pope Urban II the Irish crown, this is controversial, however.[note 1] Teague's son Turlough took up the reins in a lasting alliance with the powerful Dermot Kinsella, King of Leinster. Not a military leader, Turlough was instead a capable politician, the Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib glorifying Brian's feats would be authored during his lifetime. Turlough's son Murtagh would be the last High King from the Dál gCais of the medieval period, reigning between 1101–19. Murtagh attempted to make the Irish kingship more along the lines of European monarchies and was involved in foreign affairs (allying with Arnulf de Montgomery in the Welsh Marches against Henry I, King of England), trying to extend Irish influence beyond internal rivalries.

Dynastic divisions

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Septs and kindreds

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The septs of the Dál gCais developed over time, with new ones breaking off to form separate surnames at different times, but all claiming to share the same paternal line (with a few biological exceptions along the way due to adoption or extra-marital issue). Their eponymous founder Cas had several sons; two of them gave their names to the Uí Bloid and Uí Caisin kindreds, and another founded the Ui Fearmaic. As the proto-Dál gCais moved up into what is today East Clare, these became associated with rooted tribal areas, but were themselves internally divided into any other septs.[11]

 
Tree graph showing relationships between the Dalcassian septs.[note 2]
 
Tomb effigy of the King of Thomond, Conor Roe Ua Briain, in Corcomroe Abbey, where he was buried by the monks after he and his men were killed by Conor Carrach O'Loughlin
 
Thomond tribal map 1200AD
 
Thomond tribal map 1500AD, note the conquest of Uí mBloid by Clan Cuiléin (Mac Conmara) who now ruled the whole East Clare.

The senior line descended from Cas' first son Bloid and they provided the Kings of Thomond. Initially, the leaders of the tribe were a sept known as the Uí Aengusa from which descends O'Curry, O'Cormacan and O'Seasnain. However, during the 10th century, this passed to the junior Uí Thairdelbaig. It is this kindred which would furnish the High Kings of Ireland and the Kings of Thomond including Brian Bóruma. From the Uí Thairdelbaig came O'Brien, O'Kennedy (who were Kings of Ormond), MacConsidine, MacMahon, O'Reagan, MacLysaght, O'Kelleher, Boland, Cramer, Kearney, O'Casey, Power, Twomey, Eustace, Ahearne, MacGrath, Quick, O'Meara, Scanlan, MacArthur, Cosgrave, O'Hogan, Lonergan and others.[12][13] O'Noonan and Coombe are other notable Uí Bloid descendants.[12] A younger brother of Carthann Fionn (who both the Uí Thairdelbaig and Uí Aengusa derive) named Brennan Ban stands at the head of the genealogies for the O'Brennan, Glinn, Muldowney and O'Hurley septs.[12]

Although a junior line, the Uí Caisin continued to have a prominent role and the leader of their kindred in Thomond were the MacNamara, who as Lords of Clancullen, were the second most powerful family after the O'Brien.[14] Other families descended from the branch of Carthann (son of Caisin) include Harley, Flood, Torrens, Stoney, Hickey, O'Hay, Clancy, Neylon and Flattery.[15] Carthann had brothers named Eocha and Sineall from whom descend the O'Grady, Tubridy, Hartigan, Durkin, Killeen and Hogg.[16][17][18] In addition to this, there are the Ui Fearmaic[19] who claim to descend from Aengus Cinathrach, a brother of Caisin and Bloid. This kindred included the O'Dea as leaders, as well as the O'Quin, O'Griffin / O'Griffey (chieftains of Cineal Cuallachta), O'Heffernan, Kielty and Perkin.[20] [21][22]

Titles and social roles

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Within the traditional Gaelic culture of Ireland, society rested on the pillars of the tribal nobility, bardic poet historians and priests.[23] Different families had different roles to play and in many cases, this was a hereditary role. However, the nature of this system, known as tanistry was aristocratic ("rule by the best") in the truest sense, in that if the tribe thought a younger male member of the family was more suitable to succeed to a role than an older sibling, then they could. The Norman and wider European concept of strict primogeniture was not completely adopted until after some of the families joined the peerage of Ireland.

The most powerful Dalcassian family of the hereditary Gaelic nobility were the O'Brien (Kings of Thomond), followed by MacNamara (Lords of Clann Cuilean), O'Kennedy (Kings of Ormond), MacMahon (Lords of Corca Baiscinn),[2] O'Grady (Lords of Cinél Dongaile) and O'Dea (Lords of Ui Fearmaic). Some of these families later joined the peerage of Ireland after the surrender and regrant to the Tudors during the 16th century. The O'Brien was initially Earls of Thomond, but later became Barons Inchiquin which they hold to this day. The O'Grady was Viscounts Guillamore, while the O'Quins became Earls of Dunraven.[20] A branch of the MacMahon family became Marquis de MacMahon d'Eguilly[3] in the Kingdom of France, later raised to Dukes of Magenta under Emperor Napoleon III.

The Clancy sept was the hereditary Brehons of Thomond and held a very powerful position when it came to the law in the kingdom.[24] Even after the end of the Gaelic order, they continued to play a role, providing a High Sheriff of Clare in the form of Boetius Clancy.[24] Famously participating in the Contention of the Bards in support of the honour of the tribe, the MacBrody sept were the principal poets and historians of the Dál gCais for centuries.[25][26] The O'Hickey and Neylon[27] sept would serve as hereditary physicians to the Dalcassians of Thomond. After the Norman Butler dynasty took Ormond, the Dalcassian sept of O'Meara became their hereditary physicians, this line included Barry Edward O'Meara, who was with Emperor Napoleon I in exile at St. Helena.

Chieftainship

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What became known as the Dál gCais stemmed from the Deisi Becc (Small Deisi) who controlled a narrow strip of land stretching from the Ballyhoura mountains to the Shannon and were divided into the Deisi Deiscirt (Southern Deisi, centred around Bruree) and Deisi Tuaiscirt (Northern Deisi, centred around Cahernarry) who shared a common ancestry.[28] Their conquest of modern Clare probably occurred after the Battle of Carn Feradaig in 629AD where, under their king Díoma mac Rónáin, they defeated the King of Connacht Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin who was invading Munster. After this, their Kings first appear in contemporary records. Andelait, son of Díoma is one of eight Munster kings listed as guarantors of the Cáin Adomnáin in 697. In 713 the Deisi Tuaiscirt killed the King of Cashel Cormac mac Ailello in battle at Carn Feradaig after he had invaded their territories. In 744 the annals note: "Destruction of Corco Mruad by the Déis" which indicates their power in Thomond was growing. In 765 the death of their king Torpaid is noted in the annals. From this point forward the annals are silent on the Deisi Tuaiscirt until 934.[29]

In 934 the annals report the death of Reabacán mac Mothla who is described as King of the Dál gCais (the earliest extant usage of this dynastic name) and Abbot of Tuaim Gréine and in the same year his son was killed by one of the sons of Lorcáin mac Lachtna (who is said to succeed Rebeacán as king), the annals report "Duibhghiolla, son of Robacáin, Lord of Ua Corbmaic, was murdered by Congalach son of Lorcáin in treachery". This action must have paved the way for Lorcán and his sons to seize power.[30] Lorcán was descended from the Uí Toirdhealbhach instead of the Uí Oengusso who had hitherto comprised the Deisi Tuaiscirt kings. Cinnéidigh, another son of Lorcáin, who became king after his father, expanded the power of the Dál gCais greatly and was noted as King of Thomond in the annals by his death. His son Mathgamain built on his achievements, capturing Cashel and becoming King of Munster. The best-known member of this dynasty, Brian Boru, took over after his brother Mathgamain's death, reclaimed the Munster kingship and eventually succeeded in establishing himself as High King of Ireland before his famous death in the Battle of Clontarf.

The Dál gCais under Brian's descendants, the Ua Briain would provide a further three High Kings of Ireland and exercised supremacy in Munster until Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, taking advantage of war between brothers Diarmait and former High-King Muircheartach, invaded Munster and split it in two in the Treaty of Glanmire (1118) granting Thomond to the sons of Diarmait Ua Briain and Desmond to the leading sept of the dispossessed Eoganacht, the Mac Cárthaigh dynasty. After the death of Domnall Mór Ua Briain, a claimant to the Kingship of Munster, they further retreated beyond the Shannon into the area of modern County Clare in the wake of the Norman Invasion. In 1276 King Edward II granted all of Thomond to Thomas de Clare, taking advantage of the feuding between Clann Taidhg and Clann Briain (whom de Clare supported). The de Clares failed in conquering Thomond and were decisively defeated in the Battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318, thus the Kingdom of Thomond remained outside of foreign control for a further 200 years.[31]

In 1543 Murchadh Carrach Ó Briain, agreed to surrender his Gaelic Royalty to King Henry VIII and accepted the titles Earl of Thomond and Baron Inchiquin. At his death in 1551, the Earldom passed to his nephew Donough by special remainder and the title Baron Inchiquin passed to his male heirs through his son Dermot. The Earldom went extinct at the death of Henry O'Brien, 8th Earl of Thomond, the next heir would have been a descendant of Daniel O'Brien, 3rd Viscount Clare who was attainded in 1691, so the title became forfeit. However, Charles O'Brien, 6th Viscount Clare, a Jacobite exile used the title Earl of Thomond, as did his son, who died childless in 1774. At the death of James O'Brien, 3rd Marquess of Thomond, the title Baron Inchiquin passed to a distant cousin and descendant of Murrough, Sir Lucius O'Brien, 5th Baronet and was passed down to his descendants.

This early list of Dál gCais Kings is supplied in An Leabhar Muimhneach.[32]

Key:

A higher Kingship title which is mutually inclusive with a lower one within the dynasty are not given overlapping dates for the simplicity of the chart.

List of Kings (and later heads) of the Dál gCais
 
#1
Cas
Dal gCais
 
#2
Bloid
Uí Bhloid		Caisín
Uí Chaisín
 
#3
Cairtheann Finn[note 3]		Eochaidh
 
#4
Óengus
Uí Óengussa		 
#5
Eochaidh
Bailldearg		 
#6
Cormac Coiche		Bréanainn
Rónáin 
#7
Conall
Caemh		Fíonáin
 
#10
Díoma
fl. 629[note 4][note 5]		 
#8
Aodh
Craige Léithe[note 6]		 
#9
Forannán
 
#11
Feardomhnach		 
#12
Ándlidh
fl. 697[note 7]		 
#13
Dubh Dúin		Cathal
Ailill 
#14
Cearnach
Uí Chearnaigh		Toirdhealbhach
Uí Thoirdhealbhach
Eichthigheirn
Uì Eichthigheirn		 
#15
Torpa
died 765		Mathgamain
 
#16
Domhnall		 
#17
Fíonachta		Anluan
 
#18
Cormac		Maol Tola
"Mothla"		Cuircc
 
#19
Reabacán[note 8]
died 934		Lachtna
 
#20
934-942[note 9]
Lorcáin
 
942-951
Cinnéidigh
 
951-953
Lachtna		 
953-970
King of Munster
970-976
Mathgamain		 
976-978
King of Munster
978-1002
High King of Ireland
1002-1014
Brian
Bórumha
Ua Briain
 
1014-1025
High King of Ireland
1025-1063
Donnchad		Tadhg
died 1023
 
King of Munster
1063-1068
Murchad		 
King of Munster
1068-1072
King of Dublin
1072
High King of Ireland
1072-1086
Toirdhealbhach
 
King of Munster
1086
Tadhg		King of Dublin
1075-1086
King of Munster
1086-1101
1115-1118
(disputed)
High King of Ireland
1101-1114
 
1118-1119
Muircheartach		 
King of Munster
1114-1115
1115-1118
(disputed)
Diarmaid
King of the Isles
1111-1112
 
1115
Domhnall		 
1119-1138
King of Munster
1138-1142
(claimant)
Conchubhar
na Cathrach		King of Munster
1142–1151
(claimant)
 
1154-1165
Toirdhealbhach		 
1151-1154
Tadhg
 
1157
Conchubhar		 
Muircheartach		 
King of Munster
1167-1168
(claimant)
Muircheartach		 
King of Munster
1168-1194
(claimant)
Domhnall Mór		 
Diarmaid
 
1194
Muircheartach
Dall		 
1198
Conchubhar
Ruadh		 
1198-1242
Donnchadh
Cairbreach
 
 
1242-1268
Conchubhar
na Siudane
Tadhg
Cael Uisce
died v.p 1259
Clann Tadhg		 
1268-1276
Brian Ruadh
Clann Briain
 
 
1276-1306
Toirdhealbhach Mór		DonnchadhDomhnaill
 
1306-1311
Donnchadh		 
1317-1343
Muircheartach		 
1350–1360
Diarmaid		 
1311-1313
Diarmaid		 
1313-1317
Donnchadh		 
1343-1350
Brian Bán
 
1360–1369
Mathgamain
Maonmhaighe		 
1375–1398
(claimant)
Toirdhealbhach
Maol
 
1369–1400
Brian
Sreamhach		 
1400-1426
Conchubhar
 
1426–1438
Tadhg
an Glemore		 
1438-1444
Mathgamain
Dall		 
1444-1459
Toirdhealbhach
Bóg
 
1459-1461
(claimant)
Donnchadh		 
1459-1466
Tadhg
an Chomhaid		 
1466-1496
Conchubhar
na Srona		 
1496-1498
Toirdhealbhach
Óg
 
1498-1528
Toirdhealbhach
Donn
 
1528–1539
Conchubhar		 
1539–1543
Last King of Thomond
 
1st Earl of Thomond
1543–1551
 
1st Baron Inchiquin
1543–1551
Murchadh
Carrach
 
Donough
2nd Earl of Thomond [note 10]
1551-1553		 
Dermot
2nd Baron Inchiquin
1551–1557
Donough
died 1582
 
Connor
3rd Earl of Thomond
1553-1581		 
Murrough
3rd Baron Inchiquin
1557–1573		Connor
died 1603
 
Donough
4th Earl of Thomond
1581-1624		 
Daniel
1st Viscount Clare
1662-1663		 
Murrough
4th Baron Inchiquin
1573–1597
Donough
died 1634
 
Henry
5th Earl of Thomond
1624-1639		 
Barnabas
6th Earl of Thomond
1639-1657		 
Connor
2nd Viscount Clare
1663-1670		 
Dermot
5th Baron Inchiquin
1597–1624		Connor
died 1651
 
Henry
7th Earl of Thomond
1657-1691		 
Daniel
3rd Viscount Clare
1670-1691		 
Murrough
6th Baron Inchiquin
1624–1674
1st Earl of Inchiquin
1654–1674
Donough
1st Baronet of Leameneh
1686-1717
Henry Horatio
Lord Ibrackan
died v.p 1690		 
Daniel
4th Viscount Clare
1691-1693		 
Charles
5th Viscount Clare
1693-1706		 
William
2nd Earl of Inchiquin
7th Baron of Inchiquin
1674–1692
Lucius
died v.p 1717
 
Henry
8th Earl of Thomond
1691-1741		   
Charles
6th Viscount Clare
1706-1761
9th Earl of Thomond
(titular)
1741-1761		 
William
3rd Earl of Inchiquin
8th Baron of Inchiquin
1692–1719
Edward
2nd Baronet of Leameneh
1717-1765
 
Charles
7th Viscount Clare
10th Earl of Thomond
(titular)
1761-1774		 
William
4th Earl of Inchiquin
9th Baron of Inchiquin
1719–1777		James
died 1771
Lucius Henry
3rd Baronet of Leameneh
1765-1795
 
Murrough
5th Earl of Inchiquin
10th Baron of Inchiquin
1777–1808
1st Marquess of Thomond
1800-1808		Edward Dominic
died 1801
Edward
4th Baronet of Leameneh
1795-1837
 
William
2nd Marquess of Thomond
6th Earl of Inchiquin
11th Baron of Inchiquin
1808-1846		 
James
3rd Marquess of Thomond
7th Earl of Inchiquin
12th Baron of Inchiquin
1846-1855		 
Lucius
5th Baronet of Leameneh
1837-1855
13th Baron Inchiquin
1855-1872
 
Edward Donogh
14th Baron Inchiquin
1872-1900
 
Lucius William
15th Baron Inchiquin
1900-1929		Murrough
died 1934
 
Donough Edward Foster
16th Baron Inchiquin
1929-1968		 
Phaedrig Lucius Ambrose
17th Baron Inchiquin
1968-1982		Fionn Myles Maryons
died 1977		Murrough Richard
died 2000
 
Conor Myles John
18th Baron Inchiquin
1982-2023		 
Conor John Anthony
19th Baron Inchiquin
2023-present

Annalistic references

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  • AI1021.2 Mael Muire Ua Gébennaig, eminent priest of Dál Cais, rested.

Legacy

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In two different election pamphlets, Éamon de Valera's Fianna Fáil party addressed voters as "Dalcassians", the term having become a romantic synecdoche for the Irish as a whole.[33]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Donagh certainly fled to Rome and was buried at the Basilica di Santo Stefano al Monte Celio. The stories about his time there are recorded by Geoffrey Keating in the 17th century, some with skepticism. The story was used in the 19th century as a potential explanation for Laudabiliter.
  2. ^ Most information about the relationship between septs and their genealogical root can be found in John O'Hart's Irish pedigrees; or, The origin and stem of the Irish nation, where he worked from 17th-century genealogists Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh and Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh, as well as the Annals of the Four Masters.
  3. ^ Said to be king on the arrival of Saint Patrick. Ancestor of both the Uí Óengussa and Uí Thoirdhealbhach branches. Purportedly baptized by Saint Patrick at Saingeal (Singland), Limerick (as per The Tripartite Life of Patrick, page 207, https://archive.org/details/TheTripartiteLifeOfPatrickV1/page/n415/mode/2up).
  4. ^ Involved in Battle of Carn Feradaig (629). See An Leabhar Muimhneach page 92-94 (linked in references).
  5. ^ According to another version of his genealogy he was the son of Díomasaigh, son of Rónáin (An Leabhar Muimhneach, page 319).
  6. ^ Geographical epithet indicates he may have been the first of Brian's line to settle around Craglea (Killaloe) and so likely a contemporary of Díoma mac Rónáin and a participant in the initial settlement. Ancestor of Uí Floinn and Uí Toirdhealbhach.
  7. ^ One of the eight Munster Kings whose names are recorded as guarantors of the Cáin Adomnáin and is described as rí in Déissi túaiscirt. https://archive.org/details/CainAdamnain/page/n31/mode/2up
  8. ^ Reabacán mac Mothla is the only king listed for whom no precise pedigree survives. He is included in a list of kings said to be descended from Óengus (see page 316 An Leabhar Muimhneach which is linked in references) and is therefore determined to be of the Uí Óengussa kindred but little else is known on his background. On his 934 death, he is noted in the annals as being both King of the Dal gCais (the earliest extant usage of this dynastic name) and Abbot of Tuaim Gréine. His purported pre-decessor Cormac must have died c. 850AD at the latest as his father Domhnall succeeded Torpaid upon his death in 765. This indicates several generations of Uí Oengusso dynasts for whom the records are lost for.
  9. ^ Deduced from:
    • The An Leabhar Muimhneach king list which states that Lorcáin succeeded Reabachán Mac Mothla.
    • The death date of Reabachán Mac Mothla being 934 (as stated in annals).
    • The death date of Lorcáin as given in O'Harts Pedigrees (942 AD).
  10. ^ Via special remainder from his uncle.

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Coat of Arms". The O'Brien Clan. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012.
  2. ^ a b The Tribe of Cas (26 August 2011). "Pedigree of MacMahon, Lords of Corca Baisgin, County Clare". Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  3. ^ a b Family History Ireland (26 August 2011). "Marshal MacMahon and the Ottomans". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  4. ^ Family Steps by Leanne Chilver (29 May 2012). "Kennedy Origins Story".
  5. ^ Clan O'Reagan (29 May 2012). "Reagan Presidential Memorial".
  6. ^ a b Koch 2006, p. 554.
  7. ^ a b c d Duffy 2004, p. 121.
  8. ^ Davies 1994, p. 52.
  9. ^ a b Cairney, C. Thomas (1989). Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland. Jefferson, North Carolina, United States, and London: McFarland & Company. pp. 61–70. ISBN 0899503624.
  10. ^ Rynne 1967, p. 230.
  11. ^ "Dál gCais or The Dalcassians of Thomond". DalcassianSept.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010.
  12. ^ a b c "Irish Pedigrees, O'Brien". DalcassianSept.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010.
  13. ^ "A Set of Distinctive Marker Values Defines a Y-STR Signature for Gaelic Dalcassian Families". JOGG.info. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  14. ^ "The Kingdom of Thomond". Clan MaConmara. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Irish Pedigrees, MacNamara". DalcassianSept.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010.
  16. ^ "Irish Pedigrees, O'Grady". DalcassianSept.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010.
  17. ^ "Irish Pedigrees, Durkin". DalcassianSept.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010.
  18. ^ "The Surname Ó Caiside". Brian Ó Cuiv. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012.
  19. ^ "Ui Fearmaic - Irish Names and Surnames". Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  20. ^ a b "Irish Pedigrees, Quin". DalcassianSept.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010.
  21. ^ O'Laughlin, Michael C. Families of County Clare Ireland. Irish Genealogical Foundation. ISBN 978-0940134980.
  22. ^ "VII. Kineal Fearmaic". Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  23. ^ "The Dalcassian Knights, Gaelic Social Structure by Patrick M. O'Shea". DalcassianSept.com. 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  24. ^ a b James Frost (26 August 2011). "The History and Topography of the County of Clare, Part I. Topography of Thomond Chapter 7. Corcomroe". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  25. ^ James Frost (26 August 2011). "The History and Topography of the County of Clare, Part I. Topography of Thomond Chapter 9. Ui Fearmaic; Gleann Omra; Ui Bracain; Ui Floinn; Ui Ronghaile". Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  26. ^ County Clare Library (26 August 2011). "MacBrody, MacBruaideadha". Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  27. ^ Moody 1991, p. 519.
  28. ^ History of the Dalcassians, Rev. John Ryan, https://dalcassiandna.com/NMAJ%20vol%2003%20no%204%2011%20The%20Dalcassians,%20by%20Rev.%20John%20Ryan.pdf
  29. ^ Bart Jaski, The (legendary) rise of Dál Cais', in: Seán Duffy (ed.), Medieval Dublin XVI: proceedings of Clontarf 1014–2014: national conference marking the millennium of the Battle of Clontarf (Dublin, 2017). 15–61., https://www.academia.edu/38265900/Bart_Jaski_The_legendary_rise_of_D%C3%A1l_Cais_in_Se%C3%A1n_Duffy_ed._Medieval_Dublin_XVI_proceedings_of_Clontarf_1014_2014_national_conference_marking_the_millennium_of_the_Battle_of_Clontarf_Dublin_2017_._15_61?source=swp_share Archived 19 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Brian Boru and the Battle of Clontarf, Seán Duffy, 2013, page 74
  31. ^ The Normans in Thomond, Joe Power http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/norman.htm Archived 25 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Tadhg Ó Donnchadha,"An Leabhar Muimhneach", 1900, page 86, page 321-324, page 316, page 92-94, https://archive.org/details/leabharmuimhneac01odon/page/86/mode/2up, https://archive.org/details/leabharmuimhneac01odon/page/322, https://archive.org/details/leabharmuimhneac01odon/page/316, https://archive.org/details/leabharmuimhneac01odon/page/92/mode/2up
  33. ^ Beatty, Aidan (4 March 2017). "Zionism and Irish Nationalism: Ideology and Identity on the Borders of Europe". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 45 (2): 320. doi:10.1080/03086534.2017.1294237. ISSN 0308-6534. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

Bibliography

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  • Davies, John (1994), A History of Wales, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-014581-8
  • Duffy, Seán (2004), Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-94052-4
  • Koch, John (2006), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-85109-440-7
  • Moody, Theodore William (1991), Early Modern Ireland: 1534–1691, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198202423
  • Rynne, Etienne (1967), North Munster Studies: Essays in Commemoration of Monsignor Michael Moloney, Thomond Archaeological Society
  • Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Four Courts Press. 2nd edition, 2001.
  • MacLysaght, Edward, Irish Families: Their Names, Arms and Origins. Irish Academic Press. 4th edition, 1998.
  • O'Brien, Barry, Munster at War. Cork: Mercier Press. 1971.
  • O'Brien, Michael A., ed. (1962). Corpus Genealogiarum Hiberniae. Vol. 1. Kelleher, John V. (intro. in the reprints of 1976 and 2005). Dublin: DIAS. pp. 207–8, 235–45, 250 and 427. ISBN 0901282316. OCLC 56540733. Genealogies for the Dál Cais of Thomond
  • Todd, James Henthorn (ed. and tr.), Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill Archived 11 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Longmans. 1867.
  • "Dál gCais – Church and Dynasty", Donncha Ó Corráin,
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