54°41′N 16°51′E / 54.683°N 16.850°E
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2017) |
 SS General von Steuben
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 →  →  Germany | |
| Name |
|
| Namesake |
|
| Owner | Norddeutscher Lloyd |
| Port of registry | Bremen |
| Builder | AG Vulcan Stettin, Germany |
| Yard number | 669 |
| Launched | 25 November 1922 |
| Completed | 23 June 1923 |
| Maiden voyage | 23 June 1923 |
| Refit | 1930–31 |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | sunk, 10 February 1945 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | ocean liner |
| Tonnage | 14,660 GRT, 8,385 NRT |
| Length | 526.9 ft (160.6 m) |
| Beam | 65.0 ft (19.8 m) |
| Depth | 43.7 ft (13.3 m) |
| Decks | 4 |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | 2 × screws |
| Speed |
|
| Capacity | 793 passengers: 214 cabin class; 358 tourist class; 221 third class[clarification needed] |
SS General von Steuben was a German passenger liner and later an armed transport ship of the German Navy that was sunk in the Baltic Sea during World War II. She was launched in 1923 as München (after the German city, sometimes spelled Muenchen), renamed General von Steuben in 1930 (after the famous German officer of the American Revolutionary War), and renamed Steuben in 1938.
During World War II, the ship served as a troop accommodation vessel, and from 1944 as an armed transport. On 10 February 1945, while evacuating German military personnel, wounded soldiers, and civilian refugees during Operation Hannibal, the ship was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine S-13 and sank. An estimated 4,000 people lost their lives in the sinking.
Early history
edit
In 1923, München became the first German trans-Atlantic passenger liner to be launched, and also the first to enter New York Harbor, since the end of World War I. She arrived in July 1923 on her maiden transatlantic voyage.[1]
1930 fire and sinking
editOn 11 February 1930, after München docked in New York City and discharged passengers and most of her crew from a voyage from Bremen, Germany, a fire broke out in a paint locker on board and quickly spread to another storage hold. The massive fire and explosion resulted in a five-alarm fire and all of the city's fire equipment was sent to the burning ship. The fire could not be controlled and the ship sank next to the wharf where it had docked.[1]
In one of the largest shipping salvage efforts of its time, München was raised, towed to a dry dock, repaired, and returned to service.[2] Shortly afterwards, the ship's owner renamed her General von Steuben.[3]
World War II
editThe ship, now called Steuben, was commissioned in 1939 as a Kriegsmarine accommodation ship. In 1944, she was pressed into service as an armed transport ship, taking German troops to eastern Baltic ports and returning wounded troops to Kiel.
Operation Hannibal
editAlong with the Wilhelm Gustloff and numerous other vessels, Steuben was part of the largest evacuation by sea in modern times. The Operation Hannibal evacuations surpassed the British evacuation at Dunkirk in both size of the operation and number of people evacuated.
By early January 1945, Grossadmiral Karl Dönitz realized that Germany was soon to be defeated. Wishing to save his submariners, he radioed a coded message on 23 January 1945 to the Baltic Sea port of Gotenhafen (the Polish city and port of Gdynia under German occupation) to evacuate to the West, under the code name Operation Hannibal.
Submariners at that point were schooled and housed in ships floating in the Baltic ports, most of them at Gotenhafen. Among the ships were Deutschland, Hamburg, Hansa, and Wilhelm Gustloff.
Notwithstanding the losses suffered during the operation, over two million people were evacuated ahead of the Red Army's advance into East Prussia and Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland).
In the winter of 1945, East Prussian refugees headed west, away from the city of Königsberg and ahead of the Soviet advance into the Baltic States and East Prussia. Thousands fled to the Baltic seaport at Pillau (now Baltiysk, Russia), hoping to board ships that would carry them to the relative safety of Western Germany. Steuben was part of the fleet sent for the purpose.
Final voyage
editOn 9 February 1945, the 14,660-ton Steuben sailed from Pillau, near Königsberg on the Baltic coast, for Swinemünde (now Świnoujście, Poland). Official reports listed 2,800 wounded German soldiers; 800 civilians; 100 returning soldiers; 270 navy medical personnel (including doctors, nurses and auxiliaries); 12 nurses from Pillau; 64 crew for the ship's anti-aircraft guns, 61 naval personnel, radio operators, signal men, machine operators and administrators, plus 160 merchant navy crewmen, for a total of 4,267 people on board.[4] Due to the rapid evacuation ahead of the Red Army's advance, many Eastern German and Baltic refugees boarded the Steuben without being registered, increasing the number of those on board to approximately 5,200.
Just before midnight on 9 February, the Soviet submarine S-13, commanded by Alexander Marinesko, fired two torpedoes 14 seconds apart at the Steuben; both hit her starboard bow, just below the bridge, where many of the crew were sleeping. Most were killed by the impact of the torpedoes. According to survivors, the Steuben sank by the bow and listed severely to starboard before taking her final plunge, within about 20 minutes of the torpedo impacts. An estimated 4,500 people died in the sinking. German torpedo boat T-196 hastily pulled up beside Steuben as she sank; its crew pulled about 300 survivors straight from Steuben's slanting decks and brought them to Kolberg in Pomerania (today Kołobrzeg, Poland). A total of 650 people were rescued from the Steuben.
Wreck
edit
The Steuben wreck was found and identified in May 2004 by Polish Navy hydrographical vessel ORP Arctowski. Pictures and graphics appeared in a 2005 National Geographic article.[5]
The wreck lies on its port side at about 70 metres (230 ft) in depth, and the hull reaches up to 50 metres (160 ft) in depth. The ship was mostly intact when it was found.
In July 2021, the German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that the wreck had been plundered and severely damaged in the process. The wreck is an official war grave, and entering it is illegal. Due to international treaties, the wreck remains property of the German state, but Poland is responsible for its protection.[6] Over the past decade, looting has become one of the biggest reasons for the deteriorating condition of shipwrecks in the Baltic sea.[7]
See also
editFootnotes
edit- ^ a b "New York City, NY (Hudson River) Liner MUENCHEN Fire" Archived 20 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press, 11 February 1930
- ^ "The Ship That Came Back To Life" Popular Mechanics, June 1930
- ^ Grooss, Poul (30 April 2017). The Naval War in the Baltic 1939 -1945. Seaforth Publishing. p. 473. ISBN 9781526700025. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
- ^ Koburger, Charles W., Steel Ships, Iron Crosses, and Refugees, Praeger Publishers, NY, 1989, p.7. Koburger also notes that other equally reliable sources put the total embarked at 3,300.
- ^ Marcin Jamkowski [author] & Christoph Gerigk [photographer], (2005, February), Ghost ship found, National Geographic 207(2), 32–51. See note in the "References" section.
- ^ Solveig Grothe (10 July 2021), Die Baltische Titanic [The baltic Titanic] (in German), Der Spiegel, pp. 46–48
- ^ Michael Kierstein (26 August 2021), "Plünderungen und Sauerstoff: Das sind die Gründe für den schlechten Zustand von Wracks in der Ostsee" [Lootings and oxygen: Those are the reasons for the bad condition of many ship wrecks in the Baltic sea], shz.de (in German)
References
edit- brief data sheet on the Dampfschiff General von Steuben
- National Geographic story National Geographic Magazine, February, 2005, Marcin Jamkowski
- Williams, David, Wartime Disasters at Sea, Patrick Stephens Ltd., Nr Yeovil, UK, 1997, p. 228.
External links
edit